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FMS II > Hematology Exam > Flashcards

Hematology Exam Flashcards

1
Q

Regulates the passage of water and solutes through the capillaries; molecules are large and do not diffuse freely through the vascular endothelium

A

Albumin

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2
Q

What regulates the passage of water & solutes into the surrounding tissues?

A

Critical Colloid Osmotic Pressure (Oncotic pressure)

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3
Q

Pressures are reversed - oncotic pressure > intravascular or hydrostatic pressure

A

Water & solutes move from tissue cells into the venous portions of the capillaries

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4
Q

Causes of reduced oncotic pressure leading to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the tissue and decreased blood volume

A

Decreased production of albumin (Cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases, protein malnutrition)
Excessive loss of albumin (certain kidney diseases, extensive burns)

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5
Q

Consists of specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow, spleen, and lymph nodes

A

Mononuclear phagocyte system (MPS) aka the reticuloendothelial system (RES)

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6
Q

Specialized endothelial cells in the bone marrow

A

Promocytes

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7
Q

Specialized endothelial cells in the peripheral blood

A

Monocytes

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8
Q

Specialized endothelial cells residing in the tissues

A

Macrophages

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9
Q

Rid the body of debris, old, injured, and abnormal blood cells

A

Cells of the mononuclear phagocyte system

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10
Q

Functions of the Spleen (5)

A
  1. Site of fetal hematopoiesis
  2. Filters blood-borne antigens & and cleanses the blood through the action of mononuclear phagocytes
  3. Initiates immune responses to blood-borne microorganisms (particularly bacteria)
  4. Destroys aged erythrocytes
  5. Serves as a reservoir for blood
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11
Q

Secondary effects of splenic absence from the body (5)

A
  1. Leukocytosis
  2. Circulating levels of iron decrease
  3. Decreased immune response to encapsulated bacteria, resulting in increased susceptibility to disseminated infections and sepsis
  4. Increase in morphologically defective blood cells in the circulation, as well as senescent platelets
  5. Thrombocytosis and thrombosis for up to 6mos after splenectomy
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12
Q

Progenitors of all hematologic cells

A

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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13
Q

Stromal cells that have a role in maintaining HSCs; are able to differentiate into a variety of cells including, osteoblasts, adipocytes, and chondrocytes

A

Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs)

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14
Q

Give rise to proerythroblasts

A

Erythroid Progenitor Cells

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15
Q

Produce cells of the erythroid series (erythrocytes) - differentiates through several intermediate forms of erythroblasts

A

Proerythroblasts

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16
Q

Nucleated cell occurring in red marrow as a stage or stages in the development of the RBC, or erythrocyte

A

Erythroblast

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17
Q

Smallest of the nucleated erythrocyte precursors

A

Normoblast

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18
Q

Last immature form of the erythroblast; matures into an erythrocyte within 24-48 hours

A

Reticulocytes

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19
Q

Reticulocytes remain in the marrow approximately _______ and are released into the ________ ________ and continue to mature in the bloodstream

A

1 day; venous sinuses

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20
Q

Useful clinical index of erythropoietic activity and indicates whether new red cells are being produced

A

Reticulocyte Count

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21
Q

Final and mature product of erythropoiesis

A

Erythrocyte (RBC)

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22
Q

Stimulates the release of erythropoietin - primarily from the kidney, but also the liver

A

Hypoxia

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23
Q

The normal reticulocyte count is _____% of the total RBC count?

A

1%

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24
Q

Increased levels of circulating ____________ cause a compensatory increase in proliferation and differentiation of proerythroblasts in the bone marrow

A

Erythropoietin

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25
Q

Which organ detects normal blood oxygen levels and causes diminished EPO production through a negative feedback system?

A

Kidney

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26
Q

Role of Vitamin B12

A

synthesis of DNA, maturation of erythrocytes, facilitator of folate metabolism

27
Q

Role of folic acid/folate

A

synthesis of DNA and RNA; maturation of erythrocytes

28
Q

Which vitamins are responsible for heme synthesis?

A

Vitamin B6 and Iron

29
Q

Necessary for the absorption of vitamin B12

A

Intrinsic Factor

30
Q

How much iron is required daily for erythropoiesis? How much is dietary?

A

25mg / day; 1-2 mg is dietary and the remainder is obtained from iron recycling of erythrocytes

31
Q

How much iron in the body is bound to heme in erythrocytes and muscle cells?

A

67%

32
Q

How much of total body iron is stored in mononuclear phagocytes and hepatic parenchymal cells?

A

Approx 30%

33
Q

Iron is stored in hepatic parenchymal cells as ______ or _______

A

ferritin or hemosiderin

34
Q

How is the remaining 3% of iron lost?

A

Expelling urine, sweat, or bile; sloughing epithelial cells from the skin and intestinal mucosa; minor bleeding

35
Q

Effectiveness of clotting factors (except factors VII and VIII), effectiveness of intrinsic pathway of coagulation cascade; measured in seconds in a test tube

A

Partial Thromboplastin Time (PTT)

36
Q

Effectiveness of activity of prothrombin, fibrinogen, and factors V, VII, and X; effectiveness of vitamin K-dependent coagulation factors of the extrinsic and common pathways of the coagulation cascade; measured in seconds in a test tube

A

Prothrombin Time (PT)

37
Q

A reduction in the total circulating red cell mass OR a decrease in the quality or quantity of hemoglobin

A

Anemia

38
Q

Decreased plasma volume from dehydration with a normal RBC mass may indicate __________ or _____________

A

Relative polycythemia or abnormally elevated red cell count because of hemoconcentration

39
Q

Severe dehydration can correlate with increased ________ and ________ levels

A

hematocrit and hemoglobin

40
Q

Anemias commonly result from (4)

A
  1. Blood loss (acute or chronic)
  2. Impaired erythrocyte production
  3. Increased erythrocyte destruction (hemolysis)
  4. A combination of these factors
41
Q

MCV < 80 signifies

A

Microcytic anemia (small RBC size)

42
Q

MCV > 80 signifies

A

Macrocytic anemia (large RBC size)

43
Q

Normal MCV is

A

80-100

44
Q

Anemia present with a normal RBC size would be called

A

Normocytic anemia

45
Q

Normal hemoglobin concentration in RBC is called

A

Normochromic

46
Q

Low concentration of hemoglobin in the RBC is called

A

Hypochromic

47
Q

many different RBC sizes present

A

Anisocytosis

48
Q

many different RBC shapes present

A

Poikilocytosis

49
Q

Caused by disorders of hemoglobin synthesis, particularly iron deficiency

A

Microcytic-hypochromic anemias

50
Q

Commonly arise from abnormalities that hinder the maturation of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow

A

Macrocytic anemias

51
Q

A type of megaloblastic anemia (cells are challenged to make DNA; RNA production proceeds normally)

A

Pernicious Anemia

52
Q

Caused by the body’s inability to use B12 - usually because of impaired production of Intrinsic Factor. B12 is needed for RBC maturation and would cause a macrocytic anemia. Because heme synthesis isn’t affected, it is normochromic

A

Pernicious Anemia

53
Q

Causes of B12 deficiency

A

Decreased dietary intake; impaired absorption

54
Q

Leads to decreased hemoglobin production and therefore, microcytic hypochromic anemia

A

Iron Deficiency

55
Q

Causes of Iron Deficiency (4)

A
  1. Dietary
  2. Impaired absorption
  3. Increased requirement
  4. Chronic blood loss
56
Q

Leads to a macrocytic, normochromic anemia

A

Folate Deficiency

57
Q

Causes of Folate Deficiency

A

Decreased dietary intake or impaired hepatic storage

58
Q

Hematopoietic failure or bone marrow aplasia characterized by reduction in the effective production of mature cells by the bone marrow

A

Aplastic Anemia

59
Q

The result of aplastic anemia - ALL blood lines are diminished: RBC, WBC, and Platelets

A

Pancytopenia

60
Q

Premature release of immature white cells; refers to the microscopic detection of disproportionate numbers of immature leukocytes in peripheral blood smears

A

Left shift/leukemoid reaction

61
Q

phenomenon seen in the blood smear of individuals with leukemia

A

Left shift/leukemoid reaction

62
Q

clonal malignant disorder of leukocytes in the bone marrow and usually, but not always, of the blood

A

Leukemia

63
Q

What is a common feature of leukemia?

A

Uncontrolled proliferation of malignant leukocytes, causing an overcrowding of bone marrow and decreased production and function of normal hematopoietic cells

64
Q

Group of neoplasms that develop from the proliferation of malignant lymphocytes in the lymphoid system

A

Lymphoma

FMS II (3 decks)

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