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FMS II > EENT > Flashcards

EENT Flashcards

1
Q

The process whereby light rays are bent when they pass from a medium of one density into a medium of a different density - except when they strike perpendicular to the surface

A

Refraction

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2
Q

Any light that enters from a point more than 20 feet away is considered ________

A

Parallel

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3
Q

Any light that enters from a point less than 20 feet away is considered _______

A

Diverging

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4
Q

If the light enters parallel, it is refracted to a point known as the ____________ behind the lens. It is the line that passes through the center of the curvature of the lens (____________)

A

Principle focus; principle axis

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5
Q

The process whereby the zonular fibers tighten (contract) and pull the lens to “__________” going from a far focus to a near focus

A

Accommodation

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6
Q

Zonular fibers ________ as the lens flattens for distance vision

A

Relax

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7
Q

A visual problem that is usually caused by your eyeball being a little too short; problems reading or seeing closer objects clearly; AKA foresightedness

A

Hyperopia

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8
Q

Hyperopia aka foresightedness can be corrected with what type of lenses?

A

Convex

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9
Q

The clinical opposite of hyperopia, aka nearsightedness. The result of the eye being a little too long; trouble seeing things in the distance

A

Myopia

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10
Q

Myopia aka nearsightedness is corrected with what type of lenses?

A

Biconcave

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11
Q

A defect in the curvature in the cornea. The cornea is not uniform in shape and this causes light to be refracted to different areas of focus so that part of the image is blurred

A

Astigmatism

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12
Q

Astigmatism can be corrected with what type of lenses

A

Cylindrical - they equalize the refraction in all meridians

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13
Q

Result of loss of accommodation; considered a normal aging process. This generally occurs in individuals by about the age of 40. Makes reading and close work difficult

A

Presbyopia

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14
Q

What type of lenses correct presbyopia?

A

Convex lenses that magnify close objects

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15
Q

Defect caused when the visual images do not fall on the same corresponding areas of each retina; causes a wandering eye otherwise known as being “cross-eyed.” This misalignment can occur in one or both eyes and results in them turning either inward, outward, upward, or downward.

A

Strabismus

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16
Q

A second-order neuron in the visual pathway which transmits signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells; hyperpolarizing, depolarizing

A

Bipolar cells

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17
Q

Third-order neurons in the visual pathway; converge to exit the eye as the optic nerve

A

Ganglion cells

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18
Q

Connect receptor cells to the other receptor cells; hyperpolarizing

A

Horizontal cells

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19
Q

These cells connect ganglion cells to one another; depolarizing

A

Amacrine cells

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20
Q

Refers to clarity of vision or sharpness of vision; a person’s ability to see small details

A

Visual acuity

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21
Q

Color vision is mediated by __________ cells

A

Ganglion

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22
Q

Ipsilateral contraction; when light enters a pupil it constricts

A

(Direct) pupillary light reflex

23
Q

Constriction of the pupil on the opposite side (contralateral constriction)

A

Consensual light reflex

24
Q

Double vision

A

Diplopia

25
Q

Half-blindness

A

Hemianopia

26
Q

Same side of both visual fields

A

Homonymous

27
Q

Opposite sides of the visual fields

A

Heteronymous

28
Q

Gradual hearing loss associated with aging. Likely due to gradual cumulative loss of hair cells and neurons

A

Presbycusis

29
Q

Impaired sound transmission in the external or middle ear and impacts all sound frequencies

A

Conductive Hearing Loss

30
Q

Problems arise in the middle ear; most commonly the result of loss of cochlear hair cells but can also be due to problems with cranial nerve 8 or within the central auditory pathway; impairs the ability to hear certain pitches, while other pitches can be heard

A

Sensorineural Hearing Loss

31
Q

Conductive and sensorineural hearing loss can be differentiated in the clinic by using a combination of the _______ & ______ tests.

A

Weber & Rinne

32
Q

Test that measures bone conduction

A

Weber

33
Q

Test that measures the ratio of air to bone conduction

A

Rinne

34
Q

What is the function of the auditory cortex?

A

to process sound, volume, and pitch

35
Q

Orientation in space depends on input from….(4 answers)

A
  1. Vestibular receptors
  2. Visual cues
  3. Proprioceptor impulses from joint capsules
  4. Impulses from cutaneous exteroceptors
36
Q

What type of receptors are taste and smell?

A

Chemoreceptors and Exteroceptors

37
Q

Small area located in the roof of the nasal cavity containing 10-20 million bipolar olfactory neurons interspersed with sustentacular and basal stem cells

A

Olfactory epithelium

38
Q

Where the axons of olfactory sensory neurons contact the primary dendrites of the mitral and tufted cells to form synaptic units called olfactory glomeruli; also contains periglomerular cells

A

Olfactory bulbs

39
Q

Inhibitory neurons connecting one glomerulus to another

A

Periglomerular cells

40
Q

Where are taste buds located? (4)

A

Taste buds are ovoid bodies located in the mucosa of the epiglottis, palate, and pharynx, and in the walls of the papillae of the tongue.

41
Q

What are the 4 distinct types of cells located within each taste bud?

A

Basal cells, dark cells, light cells, intermediate cells

42
Q

Activated by G protein linked receptors; natural sugars such as sucrose in synthetic sweeteners act via different receptors on gustducin

A

Sweet

43
Q

Triggered by H+ ions; ENaCs permit the entry of protons and may contribute to the sensation of this taste. H+ ions can also bind to and block a potassium sensitive channel - the fall in potassium permeability can depolarize the membrane

A

Sour

44
Q

Produced by a variety of unrelated compounds; many are poisons and this taste serves as a warning to avoid them. Some compounds bind to and block potassium selective channels. G protein linked receptors also play a role with _____ substances such as strychnine

A

Bitter

45
Q

Triggered by NaCl; mediated by a sodium selective channel known as ENaC. Entry of sodium into the receptor depolarizes the membrane generating the receptor potential

A

Salt

46
Q

Taste due to activation of a truncated glutamate receptor MgluR4. It’s unclear how activation of the receptor produces depolarization. Glutamate in food may also activate ionotropic glutamate receptors to depolarize the umami receptors

A

Umami

47
Q

What is the stimulus for the labyrinth righting reflex?

A

Tilting of the head

48
Q

What is the response of the labyrinth righting reflex?

A

Compensatory contraction of the neck muscles to keep the head level

49
Q

What is the response of the labyrinth righting reflex?

A

Compensatory contraction of the neck muscles to keep the head level

50
Q

Sudden jerky movements that occur as the gaze shifts from one object to another

A

Saccades

51
Q

Tracking movements of the eye as they following moving objects

A

Smooth pursuit movement

52
Q

Adjustments that occur in response to stimuli initiated in the semicircular canals, maintain visual sensation as the head moves

A

Vestibular movements

53
Q

Bring the visual axes toward each other as attention is focused on objects near the observer

A

Convergence movements

54
Q

Acute bacterial conjunctivitis is often caused by

A

Gram-positive bacteria such as staph, haemophilus, strep, and moraxella

FMS II (3 decks)

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