Hematology - Dr. Stacey Flashcards
Which of the following species does NOT belong to Afrotheria? A. Hyrax B. Elephant C. Rabbit D. Manatee
C. Rabbit
A low number of Heinz bodies is normal in healthy animals of which species?
Cats
What is another term for reticulocyte?
Polychromatophil
What are the components of a capillary tube after centrifugation?
– PCV: erythrocytes
– Buffy coat: leukocytes, platelets
– Plasma column: proteins
What are the functions of plasma?
– Transport of nutrients, by-products/waste, cells
– Maintain homeostasis (pH, temp)
What are the different plasma discolorations (3) and why are they important?
- hemolysis [can be artifact or in vivo], lipemia [in non‐fasted animals or sometimes with metabolic derangements], icterus [fasted horses; liver disease]
‐ plasma discolorations can cause interferences with hematology and biochemistry analytes
What is hemolysis?
When plasma has a red appearnance; indicated RBC destroyed in circulation or can be caused by a bad blood draw
What is lipemia?
When plasma has a white appearance; due to presence of lipids (pet just eaten)
What is icterus?
When plasma has yellow appearance; indicated by bilirubin presence, increased during fasting, epeciially in horses, also indicates liver disease
Various components of bone marrow
Hematopoietic cells and complex structural and supportive components creating the bone marrow environment, see notes p. 12‐14
Cell lines developing in the bone marrow
– Commmon myeloid progenitor: Non-lymphoid blood cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, mast celsl
– Common lymphoid progenitor: B & T lymphocytes, NK cells
How are mature cell types released from bone marrow quantified in the peripheral blood? (4)
– capillary tube: PCV
– hematology analyzer in mammals
– hemocytometer count in non‐mammals
– Blood film evaluation: WBC estimate, platelet estimate, RBC density (subjective)
Which species develops drepanocytes after blood collection?
Deer
What are some causes of echinocytes & in which species are they normal?
– Artifact, some disorders with electrolyte abnormalities
– Normal in pigs
What are the functions of erythrocytes?
– O2 & CO2 transport
– Buffering of hydrogen ions
Erythrocyte membrane components
– Phospholipid bilayer
– Glycolipids
– Membrane proteins: integral & skeletal
Why are blood types clinically important?
– Transfusion reaction
– Ex: B-positive cats have hgih amounts of strong anti-A antibodies; therefore, transfusion from an A-positive cat may result in incompatible transfusion (transfusion reaction) & death of the patient
What are two results if oxidative damage to erythrocytes?
– Heinz bodies
– Methemoglobinemia
What are the two storage forms of iron?
– Hemosiderin
– Ferritin
What are the mature leukocyte types?
– Granulocytes: neutrophils/heterophils, eosinophils, basophils
– Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes
What is the name of the growth factor responsible for thrombopoiesis?
Thrombopoietin
What are the functions of neutrophils?
Microbe killing & defense
Which cell types are responsible for helminth killing?
– Eosinophils
– Basophils
– Mast cells only in tissues
What are the three components of homeostasis?
– Endothelial cells (vascular integrity)
– Platelets (numbers & function)
– Coagulation factors
What are the components of a CBC?
– Info from capillary tube (p53)
– Hematology analyzer (mammals) or manual hemocytometer count (non-mammals)
– Blood filmn evaluation
What is the major difference in hematology of mammals compared to non-mammals?
– ALL cells are nucleated in non-mammals: automated hematology analyzers cannot differentiate nucleated erythrocytes & thrombocytes from their WBC
– Only WBC are nucleated in mammals, which can be identified & separated by hematology analyzers
What information can be obtained from a blood film evaluation?
Quantitative & morphological evaluation of all 3 cell lines in the blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets/thrombocytes
What are the three types of anemia?
– Hemorrhage: blood loss
– Hemolysis: RBC destruction
– Bone marrow depression: decreased BM production
Normal RBC shape in various species
Deer, pigs, llamas, avian, goats
– Deer: drepanocytes – Pigs: echinocytes – Llamas: elliptocytes – Avian: ovalocytes – Goat: dacrocyte
Change in morphology of RBC is regenerative anemia - T/F
RBC may increase in size indicating bone marrow response (reticulocytes)
When do we expect to see reticulocytes in peripheral blood?
– In an anemic patient who is responding: bone marrow producing new erythrocytes (none seen in horses)
– Can also see in damage to bone marrow: inappropriate release
– Normal to see in some species in low amounts (healthy): dogs, cats, sheep
What are heterophils?
Most abundant granulocyte type in avian species/afrotheria; equivalent to mammalian neutrophils
Abnormal cells (ex: leukemia)
– 3X size of erythrocytes
– Increased cytoplasmic basophilia
– Diffuse chromatin pattern in nuclei
– other abnormal features
