Hematology - Dr. Stacey

Question 1

Which of the following species does NOT belong to Afrotheria?
A. Hyrax
B. Elephant 
C. Rabbit 
D. Manatee

Answer 1

C. Rabbit

Question 2

A low number of Heinz bodies is normal in healthy animals of which species?

Answer 2

Cats

Question 3

What is another term for reticulocyte?

Answer 3

Polychromatophil

Question 4

What are the components of a capillary tube after centrifugation?

Answer 4

– PCV: erythrocytes
– Buffy coat: leukocytes, platelets
– Plasma column: proteins

Question 5

What are the functions of plasma?

Answer 5

– Transport of nutrients, by-products/waste, cells

– Maintain homeostasis (pH, temp)

Question 6

What are the different plasma discolorations (3) and why are they important?

Answer 6

• hemolysis [can be artifact or in vivo], lipemia [in non‐fasted animals or sometimes with metabolic derangements], icterus [fasted horses; liver disease]
  ‐ plasma discolorations can cause interferences with hematology and biochemistry analytes

Question 7

What is hemolysis?

Answer 7

When plasma has a red appearnance; indicated RBC destroyed in circulation or can be caused by a bad blood draw

Question 8

What is lipemia?

Answer 8

When plasma has a white appearance; due to presence of lipids (pet just eaten)

Question 9

What is icterus?

Answer 9

When plasma has yellow appearance; indicated by bilirubin presence, increased during fasting, epeciially in horses, also indicates liver disease

Question 10

Various components of bone marrow

Answer 10

Hematopoietic cells and complex structural and supportive components creating the bone marrow environment, see notes p. 12‐14

Question 11

Cell lines developing in the bone marrow

Answer 11

– Commmon myeloid progenitor: Non-lymphoid blood cells, macrophages, dendritic cells, osteoclasts, mast celsl
– Common lymphoid progenitor: B & T lymphocytes, NK cells

Question 12

How are mature cell types released from bone marrow quantified in the peripheral blood? (4)

Answer 12

– capillary tube: PCV
– hematology analyzer in mammals
– hemocytometer count in non‐mammals
– Blood film evaluation: WBC estimate, platelet estimate, RBC density (subjective)

Question 13

Which species develops drepanocytes after blood collection?

Answer 13

Deer

Question 14

What are some causes of echinocytes & in which species are they normal?

Answer 14

– Artifact, some disorders with electrolyte abnormalities

– Normal in pigs

Question 15

What are the functions of erythrocytes?

Answer 15

– O2 & CO2 transport

– Buffering of hydrogen ions

Question 16

Erythrocyte membrane components

Answer 16

– Phospholipid bilayer
– Glycolipids
– Membrane proteins: integral & skeletal

Question 17

Why are blood types clinically important?

Answer 17

– Transfusion reaction
– Ex: B-positive cats have hgih amounts of strong anti-A antibodies; therefore, transfusion from an A-positive cat may result in incompatible transfusion (transfusion reaction) & death of the patient

Question 18

What are two results if oxidative damage to erythrocytes?

Answer 18

– Heinz bodies

– Methemoglobinemia

Question 19

What are the two storage forms of iron?

Answer 19

– Hemosiderin

– Ferritin

Question 20

What are the mature leukocyte types?

Answer 20

– Granulocytes: neutrophils/heterophils, eosinophils, basophils
– Agranulocytes: monocytes, lymphocytes

Question 21

What is the name of the growth factor responsible for thrombopoiesis?

Answer 21

Thrombopoietin

Question 22

What are the functions of neutrophils?

Answer 22

Microbe killing & defense

Question 23

Which cell types are responsible for helminth killing?

Answer 23

– Eosinophils
– Basophils
– Mast cells only in tissues

Question 24

What are the three components of homeostasis?

Answer 24

– Endothelial cells (vascular integrity)
– Platelets (numbers & function)
– Coagulation factors

Question 25

What are the components of a CBC?

Answer 25

– Info from capillary tube (p53)
– Hematology analyzer (mammals) or manual hemocytometer count (non-mammals)
– Blood filmn evaluation

Question 26

What is the major difference in hematology of mammals compared to non-mammals?

Answer 26

– ALL cells are nucleated in non-mammals: automated hematology analyzers cannot differentiate nucleated erythrocytes & thrombocytes from their WBC
– Only WBC are nucleated in mammals, which can be identified & separated by hematology analyzers

Question 27

What information can be obtained from a blood film evaluation?

Answer 27

Quantitative & morphological evaluation of all 3 cell lines in the blood: erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets/thrombocytes

Question 28

What are the three types of anemia?

Answer 28

– Hemorrhage: blood loss
– Hemolysis: RBC destruction
– Bone marrow depression: decreased BM production

Question 29

Normal RBC shape in various species

Deer, pigs, llamas, avian, goats

Answer 29

– Deer: drepanocytes
– Pigs: echinocytes
– Llamas: elliptocytes
– Avian: ovalocytes
– Goat: dacrocyte

Question 30

Change in morphology of RBC is regenerative anemia - T/F

Answer 30

RBC may increase in size indicating bone marrow response (reticulocytes)

Question 31

When do we expect to see reticulocytes in peripheral blood?

Answer 31

– In an anemic patient who is responding: bone marrow producing new erythrocytes (none seen in horses)
– Can also see in damage to bone marrow: inappropriate release
– Normal to see in some species in low amounts (healthy): dogs, cats, sheep

Question 32

What are heterophils?

Answer 32

Most abundant granulocyte type in avian species/afrotheria; equivalent to mammalian neutrophils

Question 33

Abnormal cells (ex: leukemia)

Answer 33

– 3X size of erythrocytes
– Increased cytoplasmic basophilia
– Diffuse chromatin pattern in nuclei
– other abnormal features