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HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY > HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY- Anatomy > Flashcards

HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY- Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Function of erythrocyte

A

Carries O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs

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2
Q

Main structure characteristics of Erythrocytes

A

Anuclate and biconcave

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3
Q

Which structural characteristic gives erythrocyte the capacity for rapid gas exchange?

A

Large area to volume ratio for rapid gas exchange

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4
Q

Life span of erythrocyte

A

120 days

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5
Q

Source of energy of erythrocytes

A

Glucose

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6
Q

How is glucose used by erythrocytes?

A

90% used in glycolysis, 10% used in HMP shunt

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7
Q

What do erythrocytes export and what do they transport?

A

Export HCO3-, transport CO2

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8
Q

What structural characteristic allow erythrocytes to export HCO3- and trnasport CO2?

A

Membrane contains chloride HCO3- antiporter

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9
Q

What happens to CO2 transported by RBCs?

A

It is taken from the periphery to the lungs for elimination

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10
Q

What does Eryth means?

A

red

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11
Q

What is the meaning of Erythrocytosis

A

Polycythemia

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12
Q

How do we identified polycythemia?

A

↑ Hematocrit

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13
Q

What is Anisocytosis?

A

Varying sizes

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14
Q

Varying shapes of erythrocytes

A

Poikilocytosis

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15
Q

Immature erythrocyte

A

Reticulocyte

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16
Q

Marker of erythoid proliferation

A

Reticulocyte

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17
Q

Alternative name for Platelet

A

Thrombocyte

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18
Q

Where do Platelets are involved?

A

In primary hemostasis

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19
Q

From what do thrombocytes derived from?

A

Small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes

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20
Q

Life span of Platelets

A

8-10 days

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21
Q

How do platelets form the platelet plug?

A

When activated by endothelial injury, aggregates with other platelets and interacts with fibrinogen to form platelet plug

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22
Q

What do thromocytes contain?

A

Dense granules and α granules

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23
Q

What do dense granules of platelets contain?

A

ADP, calcium

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24
Q

This is what α granules of platelets contain

A

vWF, fibrinogen

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25
Q

Where are platelets commonly stored?

A

Aproximately 1/3 of platelets pool is stored in the spleen

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26
Q

Which is the common finding of Thrombocytopenia?

A

Results in petechiae

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27
Q

vWF receptor

A

GpIb

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28
Q

Fibrinogen receptor

A

GpIIb/IIIa

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29
Q

How are leukocyte divided?

A

Granulocytes

Mononuclear cells

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30
Q

How are Granulocytes?

A

Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil

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31
Q

Mononuclear cells

A

Lymphocytes and monocytes

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32
Q

Normal values of Leukocytes

A

4000-10000 cells/ mm3

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33
Q

WBC differential from highest to lowest

A 
neutrophils (54-62%)
Lymphocytes (25-33%)
Monocytes (3-7%)
Eosinophils (1-3%)
Basophils (0-0.075%)
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34
Q

What do Neutrophil manage?

A

Acute inflammatory response

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35
Q

When are Neutrophil increased?

A

Bacterial infections

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36
Q

Characterisitc of Neutrophil nucleus

A

Multilobed

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37
Q

Types of Neutrophil granules

A

Could be Small, more numerous specific granules

OR Large less numerous azurophilic granules

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38
Q

What do Neutrophil more numerous specific granules contain?

A

ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin

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39
Q

Who are the Large less numerous azurophilic granules in neutrophils?

A

Lysosomes

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40
Q

What do Lysosomes contain?

A

Proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β glucoronidase

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41
Q

When do we consider a Neutrophil to be hypersegmented?

A

5 or more lobes

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42
Q

When do we see Hypersegmented polys?

A

Seen in vitamin B12/ folate deficiency

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43
Q

What are band cells?

A

Immature neutrophils

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44
Q

What do Increased band cells reflect?

A

Increased myeloid proliferation

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45
Q

In which cases do we see increased myeloid proliferation?

A

Bacterial infections, CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)

46
Q

Where do Monocytes differentiante?

A

In tissues

47
Q

Monocytes differentiate to…

A

Macrophages

48
Q

Characteristic of Monocytes nucleus

A

Large, kidney shaped nucleus

49
Q

Characteristic of Monocytes cytoplasm

A

Extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm

50
Q

Where are monocytes normaly found?

A

Blood

51
Q

What is the function of macrophages?

A

Phagocytoses bacteria, cellular debris, and sensescent RBCs and scavanges damaged cells and tissues

52
Q

How is the life span of macrophages?

A

Long life in tissues

53
Q

Which cells do macrophages differentiate from?

A

From circulating monocytes

54
Q

What factor activates Macrophages?

A

γ interferon

55
Q

Another importance of Macrophages

A

Can function as antigen- presenting cell via MHC II

56
Q

Surface marker of macrophages

A

CD14

57
Q

Important component of granuloma formation

A

Macrophage

58
Q

Where are macrophage found?

A

In the tissue

59
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A

Defend against helmintic infections (major basic protein)

60
Q

Nucleus characteristic of Eosinophils

A

Bilobate

61
Q

Characteristic of Eosinophils granules

A

Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size

62
Q

Phagocytic characteristic of Eosinophils

A

Highly phagocytotic for antigen antibody complexes

63
Q

What do eosinophils produce?

A

Histaminase and arylsulfatase

64
Q

What do eosinophil secretion helps to?

A

Help Limit reaction following mast cell degranulation

65
Q

Causes of eosinophilia

A 
NAACP
Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergic processes
Conective tissue diseases
Parasites (invasive)
66
Q

What is the function of basophils?

A

Mediates allergic reaction

67
Q

Characteristic of basophils granules

A

Densely basophilic granules

68
Q

What do Basophils granules contain?

A

Heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (Vasodilator), and leukotrienes

69
Q

Is it common to see isolated basophilia? and What can it means?

A

No, is uncommon

Can be a sign of myeloproliferative disease, particulary CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)

70
Q

Function of Mast cells

A

Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues

71
Q

Which cells resemble basophils?

A

Mast cells, structuraly and functionally, but are not the same cell type

72
Q

What can Mast cells bind?

A

The Fc portion of IgE to membrane

73
Q

Once IgE is bind to Mast cells, what happens next?

A

IgE cross links upon antigen binding, causing degranulation, which releases histmaine, heparin and eosinophilic chemotactic factors

74
Q

In what are Mast cells involved?

A

Involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions

75
Q

What prevents mast cell degranulation?

A

Cromolyn sodium

76
Q

When is Cromolyn sodium used?

A

For asthma prophylaxis

77
Q

When is Cromolyn sodium used?

A

For asthma prophylaxis

78
Q

How are Dendritic cell consider?

A

Highly phagocytic APC

79
Q

What is the function of Dendritic cells?

A

Functions as link between innate and adaptative immune systems

80
Q

What do dendritic cells have in surface?

A

Expresses MHC class II ans Fc receptor

81
Q

What are Langerhans cells?

A

Dendritic cell in the skin

82
Q

How are Lymphocyte divided?

A

B cells
T cells
NK cells

83
Q

Who mediate the adaptative immunity?

A

B cells and T cells

84
Q

Which immunity do NK cells are part of?

A

Innate immune response

85
Q

Structural Characteristics Lymphocytes

A

Round, densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm

86
Q

What are B lymphocytes part of?

A

Part of humoral immune response

87
Q

From where do B lymohocytes arise from?

A

From stem cells in bone marrow

88
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Marrow

89
Q

Where do B cells mature?

A

Marrow

90
Q

Once B cells are mature where do they go?

A

Migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissue

91
Q

Which lymphoid tissues have B cells mature?

A

Follicles of lymph nodes
White pulp of spleen
Uncapsulated lymphoid tissue

92
Q

Once antigen is encountered, what happens to B cells?

A

B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, and memory cells

93
Q

Which other function do B lymphocytes have?

A

Can function as an APC via MHC II

94
Q

Cell surface marker for B cells

A

CD19 and CD20

95
Q

Who mediates cellular immune response?

A

T lymphocytes

96
Q

From where do T cells originate?

A

From Stem cell cells in the bone marrow

97
Q

Where do T cells mature?

A

Thymus

98
Q

T cells differentiate into…

A

Cytotoxic T cells
Helpers T cells
Regulatory T cells

99
Q

What do cytotoxic T cells expressed?

A

CD8, CD3

100
Q

What do Cytotoxic T cells recognize?

A

MHC I

101
Q

What do helpers T cells expressed?

A

CD4, CD3

102
Q

What do Helpers T cells recognize?

A

MHC II

103
Q

Which cell surface marker do cytotoxic and helpers T cells have in common?

A

CD3

104
Q

Necesary for T cell activation

A

CD28

105
Q

What is CD28 for T cells?

A

Costimulatory signal

106
Q

Whcih are the most common lymphocyte circulating cells type?

A

T cells (80%)

107
Q

What is CD?

A

Cluster of Differentiation

108
Q

Which lymphocytes are the main target in HIV?

A

CD4+ helper

109
Q

What is the function of Plasma cells?

A

Produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen

110
Q

Structural characteristics of Plasma cells

A

Eccentric nucleus, clock face, chromatin distribution, abundant RER and well developed Golgi apparatus

111
Q

Plasma cell cancer

A

Multiple myeloma

112
Q

Plasma cell cancer

A

Multiple myeloma

HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY (4 decks)

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