HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY- Anatomy Flashcards
Function of erythrocyte
Carries O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
Main structure characteristics of Erythrocytes
Anuclate and biconcave
Which structural characteristic gives erythrocyte the capacity for rapid gas exchange?
Large area to volume ratio for rapid gas exchange
Life span of erythrocyte
120 days
Source of energy of erythrocytes
Glucose
How is glucose used by erythrocytes?
90% used in glycolysis, 10% used in HMP shunt
What do erythrocytes export and what do they transport?
Export HCO3-, transport CO2
What structural characteristic allow erythrocytes to export HCO3- and trnasport CO2?
Membrane contains chloride HCO3- antiporter
What happens to CO2 transported by RBCs?
It is taken from the periphery to the lungs for elimination
What does Eryth means?
red
What is the meaning of Erythrocytosis
Polycythemia
How do we identified polycythemia?
↑ Hematocrit
What is Anisocytosis?
Varying sizes
Varying shapes of erythrocytes
Poikilocytosis
Immature erythrocyte
Reticulocyte
Marker of erythoid proliferation
Reticulocyte
Alternative name for Platelet
Thrombocyte
Where do Platelets are involved?
In primary hemostasis
From what do thrombocytes derived from?
Small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes
Life span of Platelets
8-10 days
How do platelets form the platelet plug?
When activated by endothelial injury, aggregates with other platelets and interacts with fibrinogen to form platelet plug
What do thromocytes contain?
Dense granules and α granules
What do dense granules of platelets contain?
ADP, calcium
This is what α granules of platelets contain
vWF, fibrinogen
Where are platelets commonly stored?
Aproximately 1/3 of platelets pool is stored in the spleen
Which is the common finding of Thrombocytopenia?
Results in petechiae
vWF receptor
GpIb
Fibrinogen receptor
GpIIb/IIIa
How are leukocyte divided?
Granulocytes
Mononuclear cells
How are Granulocytes?
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
Mononuclear cells
Lymphocytes and monocytes
Normal values of Leukocytes
4000-10000 cells/ mm3
WBC differential from highest to lowest
neutrophils (54-62%) Lymphocytes (25-33%) Monocytes (3-7%) Eosinophils (1-3%) Basophils (0-0.075%)
What do Neutrophil manage?
Acute inflammatory response
When are Neutrophil increased?
Bacterial infections
Characterisitc of Neutrophil nucleus
Multilobed
Types of Neutrophil granules
Could be Small, more numerous specific granules
OR Large less numerous azurophilic granules
What do Neutrophil more numerous specific granules contain?
ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin
Who are the Large less numerous azurophilic granules in neutrophils?
Lysosomes
What do Lysosomes contain?
Proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β glucoronidase
When do we consider a Neutrophil to be hypersegmented?
5 or more lobes
When do we see Hypersegmented polys?
Seen in vitamin B12/ folate deficiency
What are band cells?
Immature neutrophils
What do Increased band cells reflect?
Increased myeloid proliferation
In which cases do we see increased myeloid proliferation?
Bacterial infections, CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)
Where do Monocytes differentiante?
In tissues
Monocytes differentiate to…
Macrophages
Characteristic of Monocytes nucleus
Large, kidney shaped nucleus
Characteristic of Monocytes cytoplasm
Extensive “frosted glass” cytoplasm
Where are monocytes normaly found?
Blood
What is the function of macrophages?
Phagocytoses bacteria, cellular debris, and sensescent RBCs and scavanges damaged cells and tissues
How is the life span of macrophages?
Long life in tissues
Which cells do macrophages differentiate from?
From circulating monocytes
What factor activates Macrophages?
γ interferon
Another importance of Macrophages
Can function as antigen- presenting cell via MHC II
Surface marker of macrophages
CD14
Important component of granuloma formation
Macrophage
Where are macrophage found?
In the tissue
Function of Eosinophils
Defend against helmintic infections (major basic protein)
Nucleus characteristic of Eosinophils
Bilobate
Characteristic of Eosinophils granules
Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size
Phagocytic characteristic of Eosinophils
Highly phagocytotic for antigen antibody complexes
What do eosinophils produce?
Histaminase and arylsulfatase
What do eosinophil secretion helps to?
Help Limit reaction following mast cell degranulation
Causes of eosinophilia
NAACP Neoplasia Asthma Allergic processes Conective tissue diseases Parasites (invasive)
What is the function of basophils?
Mediates allergic reaction
Characteristic of basophils granules
Densely basophilic granules
What do Basophils granules contain?
Heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (Vasodilator), and leukotrienes
Is it common to see isolated basophilia? and What can it means?
No, is uncommon
Can be a sign of myeloproliferative disease, particulary CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)
Function of Mast cells
Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues
Which cells resemble basophils?
Mast cells, structuraly and functionally, but are not the same cell type
What can Mast cells bind?
The Fc portion of IgE to membrane
Once IgE is bind to Mast cells, what happens next?
IgE cross links upon antigen binding, causing degranulation, which releases histmaine, heparin and eosinophilic chemotactic factors
In what are Mast cells involved?
Involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions
What prevents mast cell degranulation?
Cromolyn sodium
When is Cromolyn sodium used?
For asthma prophylaxis
When is Cromolyn sodium used?
For asthma prophylaxis
How are Dendritic cell consider?
Highly phagocytic APC
What is the function of Dendritic cells?
Functions as link between innate and adaptative immune systems
What do dendritic cells have in surface?
Expresses MHC class II ans Fc receptor
What are Langerhans cells?
Dendritic cell in the skin
How are Lymphocyte divided?
B cells
T cells
NK cells
Who mediate the adaptative immunity?
B cells and T cells
Which immunity do NK cells are part of?
Innate immune response
Structural Characteristics Lymphocytes
Round, densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm
What are B lymphocytes part of?
Part of humoral immune response
From where do B lymohocytes arise from?
From stem cells in bone marrow
Where do B cells mature?
Marrow
Where do B cells mature?
Marrow
Once B cells are mature where do they go?
Migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissue
Which lymphoid tissues have B cells mature?
Follicles of lymph nodes
White pulp of spleen
Uncapsulated lymphoid tissue
Once antigen is encountered, what happens to B cells?
B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, and memory cells
Which other function do B lymphocytes have?
Can function as an APC via MHC II
Cell surface marker for B cells
CD19 and CD20
Who mediates cellular immune response?
T lymphocytes
From where do T cells originate?
From Stem cell cells in the bone marrow
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
T cells differentiate into…
Cytotoxic T cells
Helpers T cells
Regulatory T cells
What do cytotoxic T cells expressed?
CD8, CD3
What do Cytotoxic T cells recognize?
MHC I
What do helpers T cells expressed?
CD4, CD3
What do Helpers T cells recognize?
MHC II
Which cell surface marker do cytotoxic and helpers T cells have in common?
CD3
Necesary for T cell activation
CD28
What is CD28 for T cells?
Costimulatory signal
Whcih are the most common lymphocyte circulating cells type?
T cells (80%)
What is CD?
Cluster of Differentiation
Which lymphocytes are the main target in HIV?
CD4+ helper
What is the function of Plasma cells?
Produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen
Structural characteristics of Plasma cells
Eccentric nucleus, clock face, chromatin distribution, abundant RER and well developed Golgi apparatus
Plasma cell cancer
Multiple myeloma
Plasma cell cancer
Multiple myeloma
