HEMATOLOGY AND ONCOLOGY- Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Function of erythrocyte
A
Carries O2 to tissue and CO2 to lungs
2
Q
Main structure characteristics of Erythrocytes
A
Anuclate and biconcave
3
Q
Which structural characteristic gives erythrocyte the capacity for rapid gas exchange?
A
Large area to volume ratio for rapid gas exchange
4
Q
Life span of erythrocyte
A
120 days
5
Q
Source of energy of erythrocytes
A
Glucose
6
Q
How is glucose used by erythrocytes?
A
90% used in glycolysis, 10% used in HMP shunt
7
Q
What do erythrocytes export and what do they transport?
A
Export HCO3-, transport CO2
8
Q
What structural characteristic allow erythrocytes to export HCO3- and trnasport CO2?
A
Membrane contains chloride HCO3- antiporter
9
Q
What happens to CO2 transported by RBCs?
A
It is taken from the periphery to the lungs for elimination
10
Q
What does Eryth means?
A
red
11
Q
What is the meaning of Erythrocytosis
A
Polycythemia
12
Q
How do we identified polycythemia?
A
↑ Hematocrit
13
Q
What is Anisocytosis?
A
Varying sizes
14
Q
Varying shapes of erythrocytes
A
Poikilocytosis
15
Q
Immature erythrocyte
A
Reticulocyte
16
Q
Marker of erythoid proliferation
A
Reticulocyte
17
Q
Alternative name for Platelet
A
Thrombocyte
18
Q
Where do Platelets are involved?
A
In primary hemostasis
19
Q
From what do thrombocytes derived from?
A
Small cytoplasmic fragment derived from megakaryocytes
20
Q
Life span of Platelets
A
8-10 days
21
Q
How do platelets form the platelet plug?
A
When activated by endothelial injury, aggregates with other platelets and interacts with fibrinogen to form platelet plug
22
Q
What do thromocytes contain?
A
Dense granules and α granules
23
Q
What do dense granules of platelets contain?
A
ADP, calcium
24
Q
This is what α granules of platelets contain
A
vWF, fibrinogen
25
Where are platelets commonly stored?
Aproximately 1/3 of platelets pool is stored in the spleen
26
Which is the common finding of Thrombocytopenia?
Results in petechiae
27
vWF receptor
GpIb
28
Fibrinogen receptor
GpIIb/IIIa
29
How are leukocyte divided?
Granulocytes
| Mononuclear cells
30
How are Granulocytes?
Neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil
31
Mononuclear cells
Lymphocytes and monocytes
32
Normal values of Leukocytes
4000-10000 cells/ mm3
33
WBC differential from highest to lowest
```
neutrophils (54-62%)
Lymphocytes (25-33%)
Monocytes (3-7%)
Eosinophils (1-3%)
Basophils (0-0.075%)
```
34
What do Neutrophil manage?
Acute inflammatory response
35
When are Neutrophil increased?
Bacterial infections
36
Characterisitc of Neutrophil nucleus
Multilobed
37
Types of Neutrophil granules
Could be Small, more numerous specific granules
| OR Large less numerous azurophilic granules
38
What do Neutrophil more numerous specific granules contain?
ALP, collagenase, lysozyme, and lactoferrin
39
Who are the Large less numerous azurophilic granules in neutrophils?
Lysosomes
40
What do Lysosomes contain?
Proteinases, acid phosphatase, myeloperoxidase, β glucoronidase
41
When do we consider a Neutrophil to be hypersegmented?
5 or more lobes
42
When do we see Hypersegmented polys?
Seen in vitamin B12/ folate deficiency
43
What are band cells?
Immature neutrophils
44
What do Increased band cells reflect?
Increased myeloid proliferation
45
In which cases do we see increased myeloid proliferation?
Bacterial infections, CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)
46
Where do Monocytes differentiante?
In tissues
47
Monocytes differentiate to...
Macrophages
48
Characteristic of Monocytes nucleus
Large, kidney shaped nucleus
49
Characteristic of Monocytes cytoplasm
Extensive "frosted glass" cytoplasm
50
Where are monocytes normaly found?
Blood
51
What is the function of macrophages?
Phagocytoses bacteria, cellular debris, and sensescent RBCs and scavanges damaged cells and tissues
52
How is the life span of macrophages?
Long life in tissues
53
Which cells do macrophages differentiate from?
From circulating monocytes
54
What factor activates Macrophages?
γ interferon
55
Another importance of Macrophages
Can function as antigen- presenting cell via MHC II
56
Surface marker of macrophages
CD14
57
Important component of granuloma formation
Macrophage
58
Where are macrophage found?
In the tissue
59
Function of Eosinophils
Defend against helmintic infections (major basic protein)
60
Nucleus characteristic of Eosinophils
Bilobate
61
Characteristic of Eosinophils granules
Packed with large eosinophilic granules of uniform size
62
Phagocytic characteristic of Eosinophils
Highly phagocytotic for antigen antibody complexes
63
What do eosinophils produce?
Histaminase and arylsulfatase
64
What do eosinophil secretion helps to?
Help Limit reaction following mast cell degranulation
65
Causes of eosinophilia
```
NAACP
Neoplasia
Asthma
Allergic processes
Conective tissue diseases
Parasites (invasive)
```
66
What is the function of basophils?
Mediates allergic reaction
67
Characteristic of basophils granules
Densely basophilic granules
68
What do Basophils granules contain?
Heparin (anticoagulant), histamine (Vasodilator), and leukotrienes
69
Is it common to see isolated basophilia? and What can it means?
No, is uncommon
| Can be a sign of myeloproliferative disease, particulary CML (Chronic myelogenous leukemia)
70
Function of Mast cells
Mediates allergic reaction in local tissues
71
Which cells resemble basophils?
Mast cells, structuraly and functionally, but are not the same cell type
72
What can Mast cells bind?
The Fc portion of IgE to membrane
73
Once IgE is bind to Mast cells, what happens next?
IgE cross links upon antigen binding, causing degranulation, which releases histmaine, heparin and eosinophilic chemotactic factors
74
In what are Mast cells involved?
Involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions
75
What prevents mast cell degranulation?
Cromolyn sodium
76
When is Cromolyn sodium used?
For asthma prophylaxis
77
When is Cromolyn sodium used?
For asthma prophylaxis
78
How are Dendritic cell consider?
Highly phagocytic APC
79
What is the function of Dendritic cells?
Functions as link between innate and adaptative immune systems
80
What do dendritic cells have in surface?
Expresses MHC class II ans Fc receptor
81
What are Langerhans cells?
Dendritic cell in the skin
82
How are Lymphocyte divided?
B cells
T cells
NK cells
83
Who mediate the adaptative immunity?
B cells and T cells
84
Which immunity do NK cells are part of?
Innate immune response
85
Structural Characteristics Lymphocytes
Round, densely staining nucleus with small amount of pale cytoplasm
86
What are B lymphocytes part of?
Part of humoral immune response
87
From where do B lymohocytes arise from?
From stem cells in bone marrow
88
Where do B cells mature?
Marrow
89
Where do B cells mature?
Marrow
90
Once B cells are mature where do they go?
Migrate to peripheral lymphoid tissue
91
Which lymphoid tissues have B cells mature?
Follicles of lymph nodes
White pulp of spleen
Uncapsulated lymphoid tissue
92
Once antigen is encountered, what happens to B cells?
B cells differentiate into plasma cells that produce antibodies, and memory cells
93
Which other function do B lymphocytes have?
Can function as an APC via MHC II
94
Cell surface marker for B cells
CD19 and CD20
95
Who mediates cellular immune response?
T lymphocytes
96
From where do T cells originate?
From Stem cell cells in the bone marrow
97
Where do T cells mature?
Thymus
98
T cells differentiate into...
Cytotoxic T cells
Helpers T cells
Regulatory T cells
99
What do cytotoxic T cells expressed?
CD8, CD3
100
What do Cytotoxic T cells recognize?
MHC I
101
What do helpers T cells expressed?
CD4, CD3
102
What do Helpers T cells recognize?
MHC II
103
Which cell surface marker do cytotoxic and helpers T cells have in common?
CD3
104
Necesary for T cell activation
CD28
105
What is CD28 for T cells?
Costimulatory signal
106
Whcih are the most common lymphocyte circulating cells type?
T cells (80%)
107
What is CD?
Cluster of Differentiation
108
Which lymphocytes are the main target in HIV?
CD4+ helper
109
What is the function of Plasma cells?
Produces large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen
110
Structural characteristics of Plasma cells
Eccentric nucleus, clock face, chromatin distribution, abundant RER and well developed Golgi apparatus
111
Plasma cell cancer
Multiple myeloma
112
Plasma cell cancer
Multiple myeloma
