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MEDICAL NURSING FOR VETERINARY TECHNICIANS > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Hematopoiesis

A

Refers to the production of blood cells and platelets

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2
Q

Platelets are also called what?

A

Thrombocytes

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3
Q

What is the fluid component of blood?

A

Plasma

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4
Q

What are the cellular components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

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5
Q

How are leukocytes (WBC) differentiated?

A

Based on the presence or absence of granules that stain in specific ways

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6
Q

What cells may contain granules in very small numbers?

A

Agranulocytes- lymphocytes and monocytes, also known as mononuclear leukocytes

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7
Q

Name the three granulocytes (AKA polymorphonuclear leukocytes-(refers to segmentation or lobulation of nucleus))

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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8
Q

Polymorphonuclear leukocytes only applies to which species?

A

Mammals, Nuclear segmentation is less prominent in birds and reptiles

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9
Q

What percentage of blood plasma is water?

A

90%

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10
Q

What is the primary site for RBC production in adult mammals?

A

Red bone marrow

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11
Q

Define erythropoiesis

A

production of erythrocytes

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12
Q

Define leukopoiesis

A

production of leukocytes

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13
Q

Define thrombopoiesis

A

production of platelets

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14
Q

All blood cells arise from what

A

hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs)

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15
Q

What does a “left shift” refer to?

A

Increased number of immature neutrophils in the blood

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16
Q

Define leukemoid response

A

Condition that can be mistaken for leukemia. Usually the result of an inflammatory disease. Characterized by marked leukocytosis >50,000/mL

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17
Q

Why shouldn’t Heparin be used if blood sample is drawn for differential blood film analysis?

A

It interferes with the staining of WBC

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18
Q

Describe how to calculate MCV

A

PCV divided by RBC concentration and then multiply by 10. Expressed as femtoliter (fL)

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19
Q

Describe how to calculate MCH

A

Hemoglobin divided by RBC concentration and then multiply by 10. Expressed as picograms (pg)

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20
Q

Describe how to calculate MCHC

A

Hemoglobin (hb) divided by PCV and then multiply by 100. Expresses as g/dL

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21
Q

Define Döhle bodies

A

coarse cytoplasmic inclusions representing ribosomal material; single or multiple light blue or gray areas in cytoplasm of neutrophils; common in felines; might be seen with chronic bacterial infection and some viral diseases

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22
Q

Define Hypersegmentation

A

neutrophil nucleus with more than six lobes; associated with a variety of conditions, such as
chronic infection, pernicious anemia, and steroid use

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23
Q

Define Karyorrhexis/karyolysis/pyknosis

A

condensed, lysed, or damaged nucleus; when seen in white blood cells in the peripheral circulation, caused by use of inappropriate anticoagulants (i.e., an artifact)

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24
Q

Define Vacuolization

A

one of several toxic changes seen in both
lymphocytes and neutrophils; associated with septicemia; also produced as an artifact if sample held for extended time in anticoagulant

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25
Q

Define Toxic granulation

A

appearance of numerous large granules in the cytoplasm of neutrophils that range in color
from purplish blue to red; seen in most infectious diseases

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26
Q

Define Juvenile forms of WBC

A

immature white blood cells seen in a
variety of conditions resulting from increased bone marrow activity; in most species, small numbers of band neutrophils can normally be seen in the peripheral circulation; appearance of increased numbers of band cells and/or more immature forms of any of the leukocytes is referred to as a left shift.

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27
Q

Describe Reactive lymphocytes

A

cells with dark blue cytoplasm and darker nucleus; seen in chronic infection

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28
Q

Describe Atypical lymphocytes

A

represent a variety of changes within lymphocytes, including eosinophilic cytoplasm and changes in nuclear texture

29
Q

Describe Basket cells

A

common term used to describe degenerative white blood cells that have ruptured; also referred to as smudge cells; can be an artifact if blood is held
too long before making the smear; also associated with
leukemia

30
Q

Define anisocytosis

A

variation in red blood cell size seen in splenic or liver disorders; sign of regeneration of anemia

31
Q

Define macrocytosis

A

larger-than-normal immature red blood cells that appear as reticulocytes when new methylene
blue stain is used

32
Q

Define microcytosis

A

smaller-than-normal red blood cells often seen in iron-deficient patients

33
Q

Define normocytes in reference to RBC

A

biconcave disks in canine, round cells in felines

34
Q

Define poikilocytes

A

a generic term for any abnormally shaped cell; specific abnormality should be further characterized, as appropriate

35
Q

Define schistocytes (AKA schizocytes)

A

fragmented red blood cells caused by vascular trauma; seen in disseminated intravascular coagulation and neoplasia

36
Q

Define acanthocytes

A

long, irregular projections from red blood cell surface

37
Q

Define echinocytes

A

scalloped border (regular projections) from red blood cell surface

38
Q

Define spherocytes

A

small, dense red blood cells with no area of central pallor

39
Q

Define stomatocytes

A

red blood cells with a slitlike center opening; seen in regeneration of anemia

40
Q

Define leptocytes

A

red blood cells with an increase in membrane surface relative to cell volume, also called target cells or codocytes

41
Q

Define polychromasia

A

cells that exhibit a bluish tint

42
Q

Define hypochromasia

A

cells with an increase in the area of central pallor

43
Q

Describe Heinz bodies

A

round structures within the red blood cell that represent denatured hemoglobin, sometimes small numbers are seen in cats. Heinz body can be caused by onion toxicity or acetaminophen toxicity

44
Q

Describe basophilic stippling

A

bluish granular bodies on the surface of the red blood cells, this abnormality is seen in ruminants with regenerative anemia

45
Q

When are nucleated red blood cells seen

A

regenerative anemias, lead poisoning, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and bone marrow disease

46
Q

Describe Howell-Jolly bodies

A

basophilic nuclear remnants in the red blood cell, commonly found in fats with feline regenerative anemias

47
Q

When are nucleated red blood cells seen

A

regenerative anemias, lead poisoning, extramedullary hematopoiesis, and bone marrow disease

48
Q

Describe Pelger-Huët anomaly

A

It is a congenital hereditary defect that is characterized by the hypo segmentation of all granulocyte nuclei. Nuclear chromatin appears condensed but unsegmented and the cytoplasm of affected cells appears normal. Eosinophils and basil fills may also be affected.

49
Q

Describe karyolysis

A

a degenerative change to the nucleus that is characterized by dissolution of nuclear membrane- usually affects neutrophils, assoc. with presence of septic exudates

50
Q

Describe karyorrhexis

A

fragmentation of nucleus after cell death

cell death = apoptosis

51
Q

Describe pyknosis

A

refers to condensing of nucleus as cell dies

52
Q

What does an increased number of circulation reticulocytes indicate?

A

Regenerative anemia

53
Q

Examples of Romanowsky stains

A

Diff-Quik, DipStat, Wright’s stain

54
Q

Define hemostasis

A

Refers to the ability of the body’s systems to maintain the integrity of the blood and blood vessels

55
Q

What is blood coagulation factor I?

A

Fibrinogen

56
Q

What is blood coagulation factor II?

A

Prothrombin

57
Q

What is blood coagulation factor III?

A

Tissue factor

58
Q

What is blood coagulation factor IV?

A

Calcium

59
Q

What is blood coagulation factor V?

A

Proaccelerin

60
Q

What is blood coagulation factor VI?

A

There is none

61
Q

What is blood coagulation factor VII?

A

Proconvertin

62
Q

What is blood coagulation factor VIII?

A

Antihemophilic factor

63
Q

What is blood coagulation factor IX?

A

Christmas factor, plasma thromboplastin

64
Q

What is blood coagulation factor X?

A

Stuart factor

65
Q

What is blood coagulation factor XI?

A

Plasma thromboplastin antecedent

66
Q

What is blood coagulation factor XII?

A

Hageman factor

67
Q

What is blood coagulation factor XIII?

A

Fibrin-stabilizing factor, prekallikrein

68
Q

Define cholestasis

A

Bile duct obstruction

69
Q

What does ACTH stand for

A

Adrenocorticotropic hormone

MEDICAL NURSING FOR VETERINARY TECHNICIANS (6 decks)

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