Hematology 6% Flashcards
Erythrocyte lineage
Stem cell-> proerythroblast->normoblast (nucleus)->reticulocyte (bluish cells)->RBC
Inc’d retic count (BM working properly)
etio: blood loss - GI, vaginal, hemorrhage inc'd destruction Extrinsic - DIC, hemolysis Intrinsic - membrane protein - hereditary spherocytosis Metabolic enzyme - G6PD Globinopathies - SS, Hb
Dec’d Retic count
Dec'd prodxn dec EPO - chronic renal dz Dec Fe - iron def anemia dec globin - thalassemia dec DNA - megaloblastic anemia BM failure - aplastic anemia - DO WELL with bm tx
Microcytic (MCV<80)
iron def anemia
anemia of inflamm (MCV 78,79,80)
Thalassemia
Sideroblatic anemia
Macrocytic MCV >100
Vit B12/folate (MCV 110) myelodysplasia etoh liver dz liver dz blood loss hypothyroid inc retic hemolysis, blood loss
Normocytic MCV 80-100
renal failure
hypothyroid (98-103)
anemia of inflamm (81,82,83)
aplastic anemia
Iron study - normal
Iron 50-160, transferrin sat 20-45%, TIC 22-420 Ferritin >20 (station wagon 1/3 full)
Iron def anemia -
now school bus very empty
iron <15%, high TIBC (more seats), low ferritin (low iron=low ferritin)
Anemia of inflamm
liver secretes hepicidn, inc’d ferroportin in macrophages - internalize feroprtin so that iron can’t get out of macrophages
low iron, low to normal transferrin sat, low TIBC cuz high ferrtin just inaccessible
Hemochormatosis
screening test - transferrin saturation is most specific - high iron high ferritin low TIBC (occupied)
Most sensitive assay for IDA -
ratio soluble transferrin/log ferritin
>2=IDA
<1 anemia of inflammation
Chronic alcoholism
inc’d carbohydrate free transferrin level
Celiac sprue
oily stools, itch skin lesions (dermatitis herpetiformis - tx with dapsone) - TTG+, IDA
R/O IDA
ferritin >100
Paroxysmal nocturnal hematuria PNH
C3 dep on RBC, C4 deposits, C6-9 party->hemolysis - pt wakes up with coca cola urine -> also with abd pain -> thrombus in ODD places (splenic thrombosis) - dx with Flow cytometry CD55/59
Tx: BM tx
slso give meningiococcal vaccine
Anemia of inflammation (chronic dz)
RBC can’t use iron from reticuloendotheial stores (Macrophages etc) due to hepcidin release (traps iron in macrophages) in chronic inflamm states like Rheum arthrtisi, LE, TB etc (iron filled macros in BM)
Pagophagia
eating ice in IDA
Hg 10, MCV 85, TIBC low, TF sat 22% ferritin low 120 - BM shows?
dec sideroblasts and inc iron filled macrophages
70 M or post meno F with Hg9.5, MCV 70, low ferritin - wtd?
GI w/u
Young - EGD
Old - colonoscopy
25yo F Hg 9, MCV 63 Ferritin low RDW 17 - hypochromic microcytosis, target cells, pencil/cigar cells dx?
Menstrual loss or preg with inc need
Tx - PO iron (IV only with renal failure)
When to check retic count during IDA tx
5 days
60yo F DM,RI p.w fatigue, Hg 9, occult neg, EPO 10 (n) started on epo, 4 wks alater Hg only 9.2 wtd?
start iron supp - too low to make cells
Hg 10.5, MCV 80, peripheral smear normal - uniform size cells RDW 14
inc plasma volume
Hg 10.5m MCV 75, hypochormic microcytic cells RDW 17%
IDA
Elderly man p/w n/abd pain diarrhea - slight confusion and gaste distrubance dec biv sense - Hg 9 , MCV78,
check urine for heavy metals (lead)
Sideroblastic anemia
INH witout B6, etoh abuse, batt workers, porcellin workers
Elderly man works at factor making batteries or lives in old buiding or alcoholic p/w anemai Hg 5, MCV 80
Lead tox
Hg A (normal)
2 alpha, 2 beta
Hg A2 (small amts ok)
2 alpha, 2 delta
HgF
2 alpha, 2 gamma - good prognostic factor - hyroxyurea makes Hg F
dec alpha
alpha thal
dec Beta
Beta thal
Point mut of B chains - SCDz
African americans
B thal Trait
very low MCV (<75) mild anemia, inc HgA2, inc RBC, RDW normal
Hemogl electrophoresis
alpha thal NORMAL
+ in beta thal
B thal Intermedia
low MCV, mod anemia lots of Hg A1, non-transf dependent
B thal Major (cooley’s anemai)
Hemolysis, transfusion dep - iron overload, hepatoslenomegaly, target cells, tear drop cells, alpha cahins - ppt - heinz bodies
Young woman or man for reg checkup - Hg 12.2, MCV 70 RDW 13.5, spear with hyochromic cells, target cells +
Hemoglobin electrophoresis -> b thal
Pt from asia p/w Hg 12, MCV 75 Hg electrophoresis NORMAL - blood refused while trying to donate blood - most likely dx
Alpha thal
Sickle cell dz
B glob mutation - Hb AS - B1 normal, B2 glut->valine
sickle cell trait (Hg S <50% rest Hg A
Crisis with severe hypoxiemia
Splenic sequestration - PRBC+vol support hold off splenectomy, hematuria
Hg SS -> B1 G->V, B2 G->V
Sickle cell anemia - HgS 75-95% - Hg F 2-20%, Hg A2<4%
Functional asplenia - inc capsule bug infxn (s pneumo, h flu, kleb
Vasoocculsive crisis - Acute chest syndorme
Hg SC - B1 G-V B2 G-> Lysine
Hg SC dz - aspetic necrosis femur/hum, retinal infarct, vaso occlusion CAN occur
AA male p.w SC anemia, joint pain, fever, Gh 10 LDH ele, retic elev, normla ferritin dx?
Vasoocculisive crisis - hydration, alanlesics, oxygen - PRBC if Hg still low
Prev - hydroxuria - more HgF
Pt with severe sicle cell anemia recurrent crisis - what can reduce circulating sickle cells
reduce intensity conditioning regiment followed by peripher stem cell allogenic tx from HLA matched donor
don’t use meperidine for analesia - causes seizures
AA SC dz right hip pain - no truama - hip xray diffuse articular sclerosis, decalcif - dx?
Avascular necrosis of femur - MRI confirmation
Sickels cell anemia with stroke
exchange tx
Sicke cell anemia with CP, fever, no PMNs, CXR infiltrates, morphine given
Acute chest - leading cause morality in SC pts - give abx, O2, PRBC - exhange tx if still hypoxic
Etio - microvasc infarction, fat embolism
Pt sickle cell trait LUQ pain - enlarging spleen, dropping hg orthostasis - dx?
Splenic sequestation crissi - IVF, PRBC
Pt with Sickle cell dz, joint pains, rash on trunk Hg 6, plt and WBC normal - retic 0%, ANA +, anticardiopan +, parvovirus +
Parvovirus B12 aplastic crisis - Dx IgM Ab
Tx - IVIG
Daycare worker with arthalgias - Hg 8 no h/o bleeds, no rash, retic count 0.2
Parvovirus B19 (don’t see rash in adults)
Preg teacher pw worriy of Hep A outbreat or parvoivurs B12 in school -
IgM-, IgG_ ok protected
Cause of osteomyelitis in SCdz
Salmonella>staph 2:1 - need gram neg coverage
Bthal
HgA, little HgF and HgA2
B thal major
Hg A (little) HgF (LOTS), HgA2
SS trait
Lot HgA - little HgF, some Hg S
SS dz
no HgA, little HgF, lots HgS, little HgA2
Hg S/C (thal)
little HgA, some HgF, lots HgS, some HgA
Pt Hg 13 MCV 70 - Electrophoresis HgA 75%, HgS 25% Hg F0.3%
SS trait and alpha thal
Macrocytic anemia
> 110 Vit B12 def - hypersegmentation PMN
Folate def
smooth tongue, post col, ineff ertyrhopoess, ele LDH, bili, dec retic
BM Hypercell BM, megalobalsts
MCV < 110
Myelodysplasia, liver dz, etoh, hypothyroid, blood loss (inc retics)
Folic acid def causes
etoh, methotrexate, trop sprue, pyrimethamine, pynytoin, herdi sphercytosis, chronic hemolysis
Pt with sickle cell dz and sz d/o on dilatin p/w severe anemia, Hg drop from 11 to 9 - MCV 110, retic 0.7, LDH 750
dilantin induced folate def
55yo chronic etoh user with anemia, elev MCV, dec folic acid - dx with folic acid def - started on daily folate - plits inc’d from 150 to 750
continue folic aid - known to inc plts
PCP starts 60yo with MCV 120, Gh 10 on folic acid - years later Hg 11.2 - has mild dementia and balancing problems - wtd
check B12
folate normal, B12 300
check MMA if inc’d still has B12 def
74yo F sx of forgetfulness - romberg sign +, B12 310 - gh 13 MCV 103 wtd?
Check MMA
Which medication dec’s absorption of Vit B12
metformin (lactic acidosis)
tx - oral B12
B12 vs B6 def
high MCV = B12 def
With any chronic hemolytic anemia (SCDz, Hered spherocytosis) pt needs to be on?
Folate
HgA1c falsyy low (high cell turnover)
Long time dok worker 80yo pw improper gait and forgetfullness - romberg pos, dec vibration, HCV 118 - B12 275 - MMA elevated dx?
Vit B12 defieicnecy (ele MMA)
Folate deficeincy
only homocysteine high
Vit B12 def
MMA and Homocystein high
Vit B6 def
only homocystiene high
Myelodyplastic syndromes
ringed sideroblasts
Elderly pt with aemia and or thrombocytopenia or leukopenia - HYPO seg PMN
Macrocytic picture with dysfxn plts, hypo seg PMN
Stem cell defect
refractory anemia with normo/hypercell marrow
BM: marrow precursor dyplasia with ringed sideroblasts
MDS with isolated 5q
>10% blasts - worse prognosis - may tx to AML
MDS Tx
55 Azathacine+supportive blood tx, GCSF in WBC
EPO500 - antithyoctye globulin (ATG) - if can’t tol ATG then lenaidomide
5q gene del - lenadolmide
Hemochromatosis
Iron o/s with transferrin sat >45%
best screening tool serum transferrin sat
Dx HFE gene testing
Sx hemochrom
pancrease - DM skin - hyperpiz - porphyria cutanea tarda heart - CM LFT cirrhosis, hepatoma, elel lfts pituitary - hypogonadism Joints - arthropathy (MCP/wrist joint)
Ferritin >1000 - want to check iron o/l extent -
liver bx
Tx for hemochromatosis
Lphlebotomy>deferoxamine
45yo M pain in fingers - dec libido, choroinc etoh high stress at work - joint swelling, bronzed skin - Hg 16, MCV 90, Transferrin sat 75%, ferritin 2400, elev ast/alt, elev FBS dx?
Dx: Hemochromatosis
Screenign - transferrin saturation
Aplastic Anemia
Pancytopenia with HYPOcellular BM, Etio - idopathic or drugs (sulf, chloramphenicol, radiation Viruses - Parvovirus, CMV, EBC Hep B,C, HIV B12 def Tx < 50 allog BM tx >50yr ATG, alemtuzumab
Pancytopenia
MDS B12 def Fanconi syndrome RTA II Viral hep B,C HIV, hyperslpensim, hairy cell leuk, bactrim copper def
40 yo ecchymosis pancytopenia - c/w
viral hepatitis
Uremia, low Hg, peripheral smear with burr cells
anemia of renal failure - low epo
Tx - epo
Pt with etoh cirrhosis, worsening anemia - elev bilirubin, elev etic - no evid of bleeding, RBC with irr spiculations
Spur cell anemia of liver dz -
Pt unstable angina started on nitrates - or post EGD turns cyanotic, SOB - EKG no schanges - pulse ox 85% PO2 96
Dx Methhemogobinemia
Tx: methylene blue, vit C
Hemolytic anemias
Extracellular def
Acquired intracell
Inherited intracell
Extracell defects
Immune hemolytic anemias
Autoimmune - Warm, cold aggultins, paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
trauamtic microangiopathyic hemolytic anemia
Acquired intracellular defets
Paroxysmal noctural hemoglobinuria
CD55/59
Inherited intracellular defets
membrane abnormalities - hereditary spherocytosis
Enzyme abnormalities - G6PD def, hemoglobinopathies
Coombs test
Ab on RBC Warm Ab - Rh Ag - RBC torn - spherocyte Diret coombs Ab - IgG+- C3 Etio SLE, CLL, Lymphoma Drugs Methyldopa, PCN, Procainamide Tx: Steroids, danazol, splenectomy Immunosupp drugs
Cold Ab - iAg
Direct coombs ab - IgM, C3
Etio - Quinidine, lymphoma, viral IM, flu, mycoplasma
Tx - cyclophosphamides, chlorambucil, NO STEROIDS
PCN/cephalosporin/methydopa
Warm Ab (antiIgG)
SLE - type I RTA
Warm Ab
CLL/lyphoma
Warm and cold
Quinidine
COld anti-IgM
Infxn - mycoplams, amono)
Cold ab
Role of steroids in tx
Warm only
Influenza
Paroxysmal cold hemoglobinuria
43yo on bactrim for UTI - develops anemia - LDH and retic inc’d - myoplasma titer inc - cold agglutin + - cause of anemia
myoplasma induced hemolysis
48yo M colicky abdomninal pain, u/a no rbc or wbc, hemosiderin +, hg 8, MCV 83, retic 7%, LDH 210, amyl/lip ok, coags ok, direct and indirect coombs neg, abd u/s no stones, MESENTERIC VEIN THROMBOSIS - dx?
paroxysmal nocturnal hemolobinuria
Dx: DAF assay/Flow cytometry CD55/59
Tx Allogenic BM tx/eculizumab
Give meningiococcal vaccine 2 weeks prior
Hereditary spherocytosis
spherocytes with chronic hemolysis, family hx and gall stones
autosomal dominant - fhx anemia
MC membrane defect (spectrind ef) -> RBC rigid, sphereocyte inc MCHC
Phagocytosed by spleen -> spelnomegaly
Chronic hemolsysi - anemia, gall stones, elev LDH, bili/retic
Smear - Spherocytes with polychromatophilia (retics)
Hereditary spherocytosis dx -
osmotic fragility testing
Tx - folic acid - splenectomy
Young woman on routine exam found to have Hg 9g/dL - fhx anemia - MCV 86, MCHC 38, retic 5% - direct coombs test neg, osm fragility inc’d dx?
Hereditary spherocytosis - cytoskeletal spectrin membrane defect
35yo F rec URI tx’d with amox or PCN p/w fatigue/pallor, CBC normal 1 ya now Hg 9, MCV 92, MCHC 39, reti 12 +polychromasia, +spherocytes - dx?
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm)
G6PD def -
anemia after oxidative steress with bite/blister cell - x linked, males, mainly AA
oxid stress ‘Quinine, sufa, dapson, primaquine, fava beans
inc retic, bite cels
G6PD normal
Hemolysis - TTP
fragmented RBCs, thombocytopenia, anemia -> microthrombi, diffuse TTP Neuro sx - h/a, forgetfullness, tinnitius, wkness Renal: hematuria renal failure fever Tx - plasmapheresis DO NOT GIVE PLTS (like gas on fire) CLotting factos not deficient PT/PTT normal - (except in DIC)
Renal - HUS
HUS Bloody diarrhea Renal failure after uncooked meat Verotoxin from enteropathogenic E coli 0157:H7 No enuro changes No fever Tx - supportive - DO NOT USE ABx - lyse bacteria and cause more sx HD prn
Liver HELLP
Hemolytic anemia
Elevated liver enzymes
Low Plts
3rd trim or post partum
Diffuse - DIC
Involves clotting factors elev PT/PTT