2018 Rheumatology and Orthopedics 9% Flashcards
Osteoarthritis
DIP(heberden’s), PIP (bouchard’s)
Rheumatoid arthritis
PIP, MCP
boggy sensation
Psoriasis
DIP
Scleroderma
PIP, MCP
tendon friction rub
Heartburn + dysphasia + thickened skin=
scleroderma
Poor prognositc factors for Rheum Arthritis
Progressive synovitis
Joit space loss/erosiions
Inc Rh factor >1:80
Inc ESR
70yo F early morning stiffness >45min & symmetric small joint pain in 2nd-4th MCP and 2-5th MCP and PIP in L hand - jnt pain in R knee for 6 wks and ESR 48 - swelling of MCP and PIP RH neg wtd?
Start tx
Anti-CCP +
Antlanto odontoid subluxation
compress vertibrobasilar artery-> lightheadedness, sncope
screen for subluxation with lat xray before anesthesia
Compress cord -> sensory /motor /quadriplegia
Pts w/ RA can also present w/ carpal tunnel/ tarsal tunnel syndromes
????8mm asyx - surgical correction
Sx any size sx corretion
Pt with rheum arthritis can present with what?
carpel tunnel tarsal tunnel
Extra articular manifestations of RA
—–‘spill over of active disease from synovium’
-Rheumatoid nodules (inc’d RH factor (- in 15%))**
-Vasculitis/DR4 –> poor prognostic factor
(ulcers in fingertips = .vasculitis)
???RF leaves joint thru capillaries-> inflamm, ulcers
- —-Heart
- Effusion
- Constrictive pericarditis - early S3 positive
- Myocarditis
- —Lung
- Rheumatoid nodules (Caplan’s syndrome)
- Pleural effusion (low glucose, high LDH, exudative)
- BO (bronchiolis obliterans)
- Interstitial fibrosis
- Hypersenitive pneumonitis (methotrexate is a cause)
- —Blood anemia of inflammation
- —Vasculitis - necrosis, ulceration at tip of fingers
- —Nerve - Mononeuritis multiplex->foot/hand drop
—-Skin - rheumatoid nodules (most common extra articular manifestation - RH factor inc’d
-----Renal - usually lsate stage with amyloid nephropathy--> diagnose w/ congo red staining and you see apple green Drug induced( NSAID--> minimal change, Peniclliamine -->nephrotic syndrome)
- –Eye - scleritis - deeper - r/o globe rupture
- –episleritis - superficial both autoimmune, UC> Crohn’s
???Fx vs sprain
4 steps without sx
????HCV with mixed cryoglobuinemia
vasulitis and LE ulcers
Tx for RA
Mild to Mod: Methotrexate (decreases mortality) +/- NSAIDS +/- hydroxychoroquine (plaquenil) (make sure you get a baseline eye exam, opt in 5 yrs, then yearly) /sulfasalazine (Azulfidine)
Add methotrexate +/- low dose steroids +/- Leflunomide (Arava) –> use cholestyramine x 11 days to washout metabolites from system
Methotrexate–> 25mg/wk
methotrexate polyglutamate level –> >60
persistent synovitis
Severe - Add etanercept (Enbrel) (can make anti DS DNA +) or Infliximab (Remicade) or Adalimumab (humira) or anakinra (kineret) or Golimumab (Simponi) Certolizumab (Cimzia)
Abatacept (Orencia) Rituximab (Rituxan) (Rituxan–> good for HBV, HCV) Tocilizumab (Actemra) (Actemra –> diverticular ruputre , OCP faiure, HPL)
???Egg shell Ca+
siliciosis
???Salmon pink rash
still’s dz/inc’d ferritin
???Schools of fish or boxcar
chance - haemaphilis ducre
Tx: azithro orceftriaxone
???Methotrexate contraindicated in?
Pt on bactrim, Hep B/C, Etoh liver dz
???Macular degeneration
lose central vision
???Reflexes
L5 lesion - no dorsiflex, no evert, no invert
Peroneal lesion - No dorsiflex, no evert, +invert
???45yo p/w joint tiffness>1hr in AM, pain in MCP, PIP and pain while climbing stairs x 6wks Rh+, on tylenol no rlief - started on naproxen no relief Rh still high wtd?
Add methotrexate
???Fastest acting DMARD (Disease modifying anti rheum drug) is?
Methotrexate
???Which drug decreases mortality in RA
Methotrexate
???Floppy iris syndrome
d/c tamsulosin before cataract surgery
???What is preictor for CVS dz in Rheumatoid arthritis
Inc’d homocysteine levels
???Pt with rheumatoid arthritis on NSAIDs with persistent synovitis, methotreaxate was added and pain improved, 3 months later pt p/w fatigue, Hg low, MCV high best tx would be?
folic acid def (from methotrexate use) - tx with folic acid
S/e NSAIDs
nephrotic syndrome, PUD, int nephritis
S/e hydroxychloroquine
Macular damage loss of accommodation
S/E Methotrexate
Heptoxicity, hypersen, Pneumonitis, apthous ulcer (tx: folinicacid)
S/E Lefluonmide
Teratogenic
use cholestyramine
s/e Corticosteroid
Osteoporoiss (5mg daily 3 months), HTN, cataract, avasc necrosis
s/e Infliximab
ractiv TB, demyel dz, fungal infxn, psoriasis, drug induced lupus (anti sm+, anti DS DNA+
s/e Etanercept
ractiv TB, demyel dz, fungal infxn, psoriasis, drug induced lupus (anti sm+, anti DS DNA+) ANA, ANti DNA+, flue like sx (use HIV HCV HBV so doesn’‘t get worse)
s/e Cyclosporine
ATN, renal insuff, hirsuitism, HTN
dont drink grapefruit juice
???Catarct sx?
glare outside lights
Pt with Rhuem Arth p/w sudden onsest pain behind knee an calf - US neg for DVT?
wtd?
ruptured baker cyst - intra-articular steroid
Pt with h/o RA for long time udergoes elective surgery with gen anesthesia - post op is quadriplegic - etio?
Atlanto-odontoid subluxation C1-C2
Pt with long standing Rh wit hoarseness of voice for weeks dx?
Crico arytenoid joint involvement
65yo RA >30yr p/w paraesthesia in hands b/l carpel tunnel release little change in the paresthesias 3 months later - also with occasional dizzy spells - past history of total knee arthoroplasty and severe joint deformities. -O/E: dec power and hyperactive reflexes - pt going for hip replacemet wtd?
Xray neck r/o sublux
Pt with RA on methotrex x 1 yr p/w pain and swelling knee joint, fever with leukocytosis wtd?
tap joint r/o septic arthritis (all before thinking about steroids)
Tap with turbid exudate labs P
start IV abx
???Pt with long standign RA on NSAIDs steroids and MTX p/w cough, tx’d with abs - 4 weeks later progressive SOB no fever - b/l crackes, CXR infiltrates - etio?
MTX induced, interstitial fibrosis, bronchioe obliterhaeran
NOT CMV Pneumonitis
Pt with RA on hydroxychlorquin wtd?
baseline retinal exam and then in 5 years and then yearly
Leading cuase of death in RA
Heart disease
Pt tx’d with steroids for temproatl arteritis or Polymyalgia Rheumatica or SLE - couple month later steroids tapered off with improvement of sx - pt returns with b/l symm joint pain and early morning stiffness with MCP, PIP no h/a or shoulder pain - exam with + venodule on L olecranon dx?
Rheum arthritis
Pt on MTX for Rheum Arthritis - what do you follow based on current guidelines
CBC, Cr, AST q12
Pt with Rh Arthritis with minimal response to MTX 25mg/wk wtd?
check PPD –> do first
?????, if neg start TNF alpha???
If 5mm, wtd next? CXR–> Negative
- start INH (x3 months) and rifapentine
give Pneumococcal and influenza vacc prior to biologic DMARDs
no varicella, no yellow fever, no MMR
don’t give DMARD with active infxn (including viral bronchitis)
35yo p/w recurrent pain starting in PIP then MCP then knee - few hours later joint swelling - pain resolves in few hours in backwards order, in between attacks the pt is absolutely fine. - dx?
Pallindromic rheumatism - 1/2 will go on to RA
tx: DMARDs
Pt with RA and necrotic ulceration of finger tips and foot drop dx?
Rheumatic Vasculitis
???- circulating Ag-Ab (RF) complex blocks small arteries
<1% of pts w/ long standing RA present with splenomegaly and leukpenia–>recurrent skin/lung infxn, +skin ulcers dx?
Felty’s syndrome -
Tx
DMARDs, steroids, G-SF-> splenectomy
32yo F polyarthritis and fever. sore throat several weeks ago - salkmon colored/ faint pink rash on trunk and upper extremitiess - throat ctx neg, ESR 110/hr, ferritin 600 , WBC 24000 w/ 85% PMHs. Pt is started on abx no help. AST/ALT increased. Rh neg, ANA neg. Rh factor negative. dx?
Juvenile idiopathic rheumatoid arthritis aka Still’s dz
(opposite of Fetly’s syndrome)
Joint pain, salmon colored rash, high ferritin, high WBC
WHat dz more likely related to RA
Periodontal dz
Sjogren’s
Enlarged salivary glands, dry mouth, dry eyes
RH+, ANA+, Ro , La+, elev ESR
inc’d r/o lymphoma/celiac sprue (check TTG), distal RTA I (U pH >5.5—> increased Caphosphate crystals - CaPO4 stones)
Sx - enlarged salivary glands, dry mouth,
Dx: - lip bx minor salivar glands
Schirmer test (blotting paper) + if <5mm wetting in tearing of eyes in 5 min (normal 15mm in 5 min)
Tx: Symptomatic - hydration, pilocarpine, steroids
???55yo c/o sdry eyes and mouth - drinks lots of water everyday and uses artifical tears - ROS shows chroic arthralgias - takes NSAIDs - parotid gland swelling - dental caries and dry eyes pt may benefit from ?
pilocarpine
Seroneg spondyloarthropathy - Rh neg, HLSA B27+
involves spine, asy poly/oligoarthritis <4 joints affected
Enethesitis (inflamm ligaments, tendons, joint capsule)
Dactylitis - swelling of entire digit
Ankylosing spondylitis
Reactive arthritis - mucosal inflammation of GI or GU tract
Ankylosing spondylitis
starts after resting better with excercise, loss of forward spinal mobility symptomatic sarcoilitis Uveitis: pain photophobia, lacrimation HLA B27 +, apical fibrosis bamboo spine on xray a/w aortits (Do echo) diminished Chest expansion
Pt loves outdoor work with on/off back pain p/w c/o pain and redness of r eye - also loss of forward spine mobility - inejction aroudn corea - fluroescin eye stain is neg - what suggests ankylosing sponylitis in pt?
loss of spinal mobility
Dx: xray lumbosacral spine-specific
more sensitive test - MRI sarcoiliac joint
Eye manifestation is Uveitis
Pt p/w low back pain - xray with fusion of sarcoiliac joints and anklylosis of spine (bamboo spine - HLA B27+ most likely a/w?
Aortitis Tx for stiffness? Excercise, physical tx Pain - NSAIDs - if 6 weeks w/ minimal improvment in paint, fatigue, and morning stiffness--> then anti-TNF (no MTX, no hydroxychloroquine)
-follow up
Q3 month xray including sarcoilliac joints
Best way to maintain ROM with ankylosing spondylitis is?
Excercise
Follow dz activity with ESR
Uveitis in?
Reiter’s syndorme
Behcet’s dz
Ankylyosing spondylitis
Pt h/o anklyosing spondylitis on NSAIDs c/o new onset back pain - early fx wtd?
xray, if negative check MRI
Pt p/w asymmetric arthritis with pain in R knee, mouth ulcers, non-specific urethritis and conjunctivitis - HLA B27+, non-specific urethritis, conjunctivitis and asymmetric arthritis dx?
Reactive arthritis
Tx: NSAIDS - DMARD in extremem cases
COnjunctiviits, urethritis asym artrhtis (also mouth ulcers, keratoderma blenorrhagica
wtd next? HIV test
34yo Lt ankle arthritsi and left achilles tendon area pain - redness of eye abd pain adn diarrhea - exam with pain at baseof calcenus dx?
Reactive arthritis
How to treat the above pt w. diarrhea? - cipro + NSAID
How to treat pt w/ remove hx of diarrhea and now enthesitis?
NSAID
Pt wit reactiev arthritis ongoing arthritic pain for more than 6 months not relieved with NSAIDs or steroids wtd?
sulfasalazine/MTX
How to tx pt with remote h/o urethris and now enthesitis
Tx chlamydia + NSAID
???Causes of reactive arthritis
Yersinnia SHigella Salmonella Campylobater Ureaplasma C diff BCG tx
Pt p/w lower back pain and in DIP, HLA B27+, pitting nail changes present
Psoriatic arthritis Tx Mild - NSAIDS, skin/nail change -> MTX No hydroxychloroquine Worse with UVB (sunlight), BB, infection
Pt of Middle eastern/japanese descent - recurrent painful apthous stomatitis, genital apthous ulcers, joint pain, erythema nodsoum on legs, HLA B5+, uveitis (blurry vision), pathergy + (hyperreactive to needle sticks aka refuses needlesticks)
Bechet’s dz
Tx: mucocutaneous disease: colchicine
Moderate to sever disease: steroids
???a/w aortic aneurysm
erythema nodosum, apthous ulers
Tx: steroids???
24yo M c/o multiple oral apthous ulcers/redness of eye for the past month. tender nodules on shin - CXR prominent pulm artery - aneursym on CT - dx?
Behcet’s dz
Quinolone:
- ->paretheasias
- -> tendon rupture
- -> disection of arteries
???DTR dec with?
WNV
Tick paralysis (absent)
Toluene
spinal abscess
???DTR inc with?
Serotonin
ecstacy
epidural abscess
NORMAL with MG
Oral apthous ulcer, gential ulcer, refuses needle stick?
Behcet’s dz
Paiful shin nodule, genital ulcer refuses needle stick
Behcet’s dz
Painful shin nodule, oral apthou ulcer, aortic anurysm, painful red eye blurry vsiion, occ knee/ankle pain?
Behcet’s dz
Oral apthous ulcer, h/o urtethral discharge in past. red eye, knee/ankle pain
Reactive arthritis (Reiters syndrome)
Pt returns from the caribbean w/ high fever, pain in small joints hand, wrist, ankle with or without maculopapular rash - dx?
Chikungunya virus (break bone fever)
All these cause reactive arthritis with dactylitis
Yersinia Shigella Salmonella Campylobater C diff Ureaplamsa Inflamm bowel dz NOT E.Coli!!
25yo p/w pain/swelling of right knee, diarrhea intermittently for week, swelling of entire 2nd toe (sausage digit) and severe pain on palpation of achilles tendon - painless ulcer on tongue - dx?
Reactive arthritis
what is likely +?
Stool culture
70yo DM male p/w pain in mid back area - early morning stifness of spine, exam with dec’d thoracic lateral flexion - xray spine with flowing ossification of anterior longitudinal ligaments dx?
DISH (Diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis)
???Tx: physical therapy, NSAIDs???
Osteoarthritis
- Joint pain: 1st CMC, knees, PIP, DIP , Hip (groin pain), Cervical and lumbar spine
- osteophytes, central erosions in DIPs on xray
- if no osteophytes, then: morning stiffness, crepitus on movment of joint, join fluid <2,000 WBC’s, labs: low titer Rh factor <1:40 and ANA <1:160 may be positive. type 1 error
joint deformities:
PIP–> Bouchard’s nodes
DIP–> heberden’s nodes
tx: lose weight! –> orthoses: insoles, braces, knee taping, assistive devices
- -> topical agents (knee and hand)
- -> NSAIDs / Non acetylated salicylates –> Celecoxib w/ PPI–> intra articular steroids
- -> replace joint.
?????Older age
H/o trauma
Obesity, repetive use
2/2 DM, hyperparathyryodi - chondrocalcinosis
Labs - low Rh factor s
Tx: lose wieght, tylenol up to q6hr, NSAIDs, celecoxib with PPI, intrasticular steroids, hyaluronic acid - replace joint?????
Osteophyte formation -
osteoarthritis
Periarticular osteopenia
RA
Joint space deformity
OA and RA
Marginal bony erosioin in PIP + MCP
RA
Central bony erosion in PIP + DIP
OA
Subchondral sclerosis
OA
Pt wit severe OA pain not relieved with tylenol h/o UGIB wtd?
tramadol or oral long acting morphine
causes serotoin syndrome, seizures hypoglycemia.
Pt with fatigue and Hg 9, MCV 75 - pt taking NSAIDs for OA of knee, stool occult blood + .
-wtd?
D/C oral NSAIDs start topical NSAIDs
Most important risk factor for OA
Obesity
Elderly pt with pain in thumb while turning keys and opening car doors - pain at thumb on flexion and internal rotation - crepitus + dx?
Osteoartritsi of 1st CMP joint
Pt with OA - wants to try glucosamine or chondroitin sulfate wtd?
no difference from placebo
Pt with longstanding h/o OA takes tylenol for pain - plays tennis occasionally - mild crpitus and swelling of R knee - no fever WBC 8000. R thigh smaller than left- wtd?
Tap the knee +steroids and send patient for Physical tx to strengthen quadriceps
Pt with osteoarthris of R knee crepitus with pain. Topical capsaicin no help. Can’t take NSAIDs due to increased creatinine - steroids and hyaluronan injections with incomplete response
1) Exam with 10deg valgus def loss of cartilage on lat knee - (points outward). What is a good mechanical measure to reduce pain?
2Exam 10 deg varus deformity with medial knee cartilage loss - wtd? (points inward)
1) Medial wedge insole
2) medial unloading brace
??/lateral wedge insole.??
Randomized clinical trial shown benefit of acupuncture in?
OA knee + hip
Topical capsaicin benefit of OA in?
hand and knee
Pt is brick layer p/w painand swellign of PIP and DIP - xray loss of caritlalge and narrowing of joitn space and CENTRAL erosion . dx?
erosive OA (PIP/DIP)
Laborer or farmer p/w URI - RA for >15 yrs - swollen PIP+MCP w boggy felling. does not c/o pain, strength hand is normal -xray shows erosion PIP and MCP - dx?
RA (arhritis robustus)
Presentation of pain in OA hip in?
groin
R groin with RA and osteophytes on xray? dx?
secondary OA
R groin pain with RA, xray neg - MRI double line sign T2?
Avascular necrosis
???? R groin pain in middle aged pateint xray mild osteopenia - MRI T1 diffuse dec’d enhancemnt femoral head, T2 diffuse increase enhancement fem head?
Transient osteoporisis
????Pain over anterior aspect of hip or groin - r/o hip joint problem like?
Avascular necrosis
Pain over latral asp of hip can’t sit in car or sleep on that side
direct pain - trochanteric bursitis
tx: inject local steroids
40yr old b/l groin pain, L>R, worse with activity and internal rotation
Acetabular impingement
Pt with SLE on steroids >2yr pain in hip , walks with limp - dx test?
MRI
??r/o avascular necrosis??
45yo c/o pain in right buttock shoots down back of thigh for past 3 days - tendernesss over R sciatic notch when pressure applied by thumb and pain on abduction while lying down - dx?
Piriformis syndrome
Tx: PT, NSAIDs, yoga pigeon stretch
18 y/o (<20) man presents w/ pain both hips since childhood which has now beocme severed. NSAIds do not help anymore. Walks with limp (–> hip dysplasia). Next step?
xray
tx: weight loss–>periacetabular osteotomy–> arthropalsty
Pt with pain on groin - xray with osteophytes - you prescribe analgeisa and cane - what are your directions for cane?
use cane on OPPOSITE side of affected joint
???? Elderly pt with longstanding RA on MTX, hydroxychlroquine, NSAID with groin pain - xray NO joint space and severly impaired mobilization dx?
secondary OA
Tx: replace joint
Gout
monosodium urate–> bony tophus- erosion
it is an asymmetric inflammatory arthritis (D/C THIS ON PG 60)
pg 60
pseudogout
Ca Pyrophosphate dihydrate–> chondrocalcinosis
it is an asymmetric inflammatory arthritis
pg 60
???? Gout&pseduogout preciptiants
Asymmm inflamm arthritis Trauma post surgery 3 days post op major medial illness (MI, CVA, PE) fasting etoh abuse high fructose drinks a/w HTN, DM HCTZ
Do you tx pt with asymptomatic hyperuricemia
NO - only with sx
Is uric acid elevated during attack of gout?
No - usually falls during gout attack