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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Goldilocks principle for WBC

A

> 10,000 leukocytosis:

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2
Q

Why do we have pus???

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Granular Cells

A

basophils: histamine bombs
eosinophils, allergic reactions
Neutrophils: First responders. Bands= immature cells= active infection.

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4
Q

Agranular cells

A

Lymphocytes:
NK Cells
T cells
B Cells

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5
Q

Complement

A

First to respond.
3 pathways:
Classical
Mannose/ Lectin

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6
Q

Special Visceral Motor Efferent

A

Pharyngeal nerve. Striated. Head and Neck.

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7
Q

Pyramids

A

Location of decussation of UMN.

Medulla Oblongata

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8
Q

UMN lesion

A 
Weak
Spastic muscles
Increased reflexes
Primitive reflexes
No muscle atrophy
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9
Q

LMN lesion

A 
Paralyzed
Flaccid muscles
Loss of reflexes
Muscle fasciculations
Muscle atrophy
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10
Q

4 Types of Tissue

A

Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective

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11
Q

4 Types of Epithelia

A 
Simple Squamous
Stratified squamous
   keratinized
   non-keratinized
Cuboidal
Columnar
   Simple.. microvilli
   Ciliated
   Glandular
   Pseudostratified
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12
Q

Simple Squamous

A

Mouth
Lungs
Heart
Vessels

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13
Q

Stratified Squamous

A

Skin
Mouth
Anus
Vagina

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14
Q

cuboidal

A 
Glands
Tubules
Ducts
Ovaries
Testes
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15
Q

Columnar

A

Stomach
Intestines
Taste buds

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16
Q

Ciliated Columnar

A

Nasal passages
lung
fallopian tube

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17
Q

Nitric Oxide

A 
Reduces platelet fn
Reduces WBC adhesion
Reduces inflammation
small vessel relaxation
Decreased NO associated with atherosclerosis
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18
Q

Myeloid Line

A 
Gran(ulated)pa BEN Likes M & Ms.  + Platelets
Basophils
Eosinophils
Neutrophils
Monocytes--------> Macrophages
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19
Q

Lymphoid Line

A

NK cells
O?
T Cells Thymus
B Cells Bone

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20
Q

Polychromasia

A

Reticulocytes

Premature RBCs with organelles

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21
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Made in the kidneys in response to hypoxia. goes to live.

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22
Q

Buffy Coat

A

WBC
platelets
Thick=Sick

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23
Q

polychromasia

A

RBC w/ blue-ish center

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24
Q

Anisocytosis

A

Variability in shape of RBC

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25
Q

3 steps to Hemostasis

A
  1. Vascular spasticity
  2. Platelet plug
  3. Coagulation
26
Q

Lymphocytes

A

NK cells
T cells
B cells

27
Q

Myeloid Line

A 
Megakaryocytes--- platelets
RBCs
Mast cells
Myeloid
      Neutrophils
         Basophils
           Eosinophils
   Monocytes (blood)---- Macrophages
28
Q

Thrombopoeitin

A

From Kidneys and Liver to bone marrow
Platelets: 1 week lifespan
No Nucleus

29
Q

Kupffer cells

A

in liver

removers of old platelets

30
Q

What stimulates platelet adhesion and aggregation?

A

Fragments of endothelial collagen. TXA2, and Epi

31
Q

Glycoprotein 2b/ 3a

A

Receptor on surface of platelets that intitiates change in morphology that results in multiple multidirectional processes that can then stick to epithelium

32
Q

vWf

A

von Willebrand Factor. Endothelial cell surface protein that serves as point of attachment for platelets. You can have perfectly normal clotting factors and still have bleeding disorder due to faulty vWf.

33
Q

TXA@

A

recruits more platelets at site of plug

VASOCONSTRICTOR

34
Q

D-dimer

A

Measures Fibrin split products, which result from Plasmin activity on clot.

35
Q

Virchow’s Triad

A

Hypercoagulable state: Too sedentary, BC
Endothelial Injury: Surgery?
Circulatory Stasis: Afib

36
Q

Polys

A

Neutrophils
60-70% of circulating WBCs
Absolute count

37
Q

Low polys

A

Radiation therapy
Autoimmune
Drug toxicity

38
Q

Bands

A

Think ‘left shift’.

Immature Neutrophils

39
Q

Pus

A

liquified contents from dead neutrophils.

40
Q

Eosinophils

A 
2-4% WBCs
Pink cytoplasm.  
Present in allergic rxn, autoimmune disease
Low in stress, drug toxicity
Phagocytic.
41
Q

Basophils

A 
Least numerous
Stain purple with bi-lobar nucleus.
Present in allergic rxns.
Leave the blood stream and turn into tissue Mast Cells.
HISTAMINE BOMBS!!!!!!!!!
Heparin and Serotonin, too
42
Q

Monocytes

A

Late bloomers:)
Arrive late to fight infection
Ingest and destroy mess/ pus that neutrophils left.
Clean up crew.
ESPECIALLY ACTIVE IN VVVVIIIIRRRRAAAALLLL INFECTION

43
Q

NK cells

A

Indiscriminant Killerz

44
Q

T cells

A

active against viruses, fungi, transplants, cancer.
Central role in mediating immune response.
Stored in Thymus

45
Q

B cells

A

Antibodies. Made in bone marrow

46
Q

Gram +

A

Most cocci
Thick Peptidoglycan
Techoic acid endotoxin

47
Q

Gram -

A

Mostly enteric rods
LPS endotoxin
IM/ periplasmic space/ OM

48
Q

Even Some Super Killers Have Pretty Nice Big Capsules

A 
Capsulated Pathogens (Glycocalyx Slime)
E. Coli
Strep Pneumoniae
Salmonella
Klebsiella Pneumonia
Hemophilus Influenza
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Bacteroides Fragilis
Cryptococcus Neoformans
49
Q

Spore Formers

A

Anaerobes
G+ Rods
Bacillis Anthracis
Clostridium

50
Q

Semmelweis

A

Figured out nosocomial puerpural fever that was killing newborn babies.
Gram + stapholococcus aureus

51
Q

Staph Aureus Pathogenicity

A

Transposons
Plasmids
Transducing particles

52
Q

Gastrula

A

Blastula develops into 3 laminar structure:

  1. Ectoderm: skin hair sweat nervous smooth muscle
  2. Endoderm: gut lung liver pancreas thyroid
  3. Mesoderm: bone connective tissue skeletal muscle cardiac muscle vessels heart kidneys
53
Q

Neural Tube

A

infolding of ectoderm. forms brain and spinal cord

54
Q

Notochord

A

Parallel mesodem to neural tube. comprise somites, then vertebrae and ribs.

55
Q

Muscles of Mastication

A

Temporalis
Masseter
Buccinator

56
Q

Ear muscles that modify sound

A

Tensory Tympani

Stapedius

57
Q

There are three major sensory tracts

A

Posterior Column
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar

58
Q

Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus

A

proprioception, fine touch, vibration

59
Q

Lateral Spinothalamic Tract

A

Pain

Temperature

60
Q

Anterior Spinothalamic Tract

A

Crude Touch

61
Q

Spinocerebellar

A

Proprioception to Cerebellum

62
Q

Corticobulbar Tract

Motor

A

Conscious control of eyes, face, jaw

PCAP (4 decks)

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