Hematology Flashcards
1
Q
Goldilocks principle for WBC
A
> 10,000 leukocytosis:
2
Q
Why do we have pus???
A
Neutrophils
3
Q
Granular Cells
A
basophils: histamine bombs
eosinophils, allergic reactions
Neutrophils: First responders. Bands= immature cells= active infection.
4
Q
Agranular cells
A
Lymphocytes:
NK Cells
T cells
B Cells
5
Q
Complement
A
First to respond.
3 pathways:
Classical
Mannose/ Lectin
6
Q
Special Visceral Motor Efferent
A
Pharyngeal nerve. Striated. Head and Neck.
7
Q
Pyramids
A
Location of decussation of UMN.
Medulla Oblongata
8
Q
UMN lesion
A
Weak Spastic muscles Increased reflexes Primitive reflexes No muscle atrophy
9
Q
LMN lesion
A
Paralyzed Flaccid muscles Loss of reflexes Muscle fasciculations Muscle atrophy
10
Q
4 Types of Tissue
A
Nervous
Epithelial
Muscle
Connective
11
Q
4 Types of Epithelia
A
Simple Squamous Stratified squamous keratinized non-keratinized Cuboidal Columnar Simple.. microvilli Ciliated Glandular Pseudostratified
12
Q
Simple Squamous
A
Mouth
Lungs
Heart
Vessels
13
Q
Stratified Squamous
A
Skin
Mouth
Anus
Vagina
14
Q
cuboidal
A
Glands Tubules Ducts Ovaries Testes
15
Q
Columnar
A
Stomach
Intestines
Taste buds
16
Q
Ciliated Columnar
A
Nasal passages
lung
fallopian tube
17
Q
Nitric Oxide
A
Reduces platelet fn Reduces WBC adhesion Reduces inflammation small vessel relaxation Decreased NO associated with atherosclerosis
18
Q
Myeloid Line
A
Gran(ulated)pa BEN Likes M & Ms. + Platelets Basophils Eosinophils Neutrophils Monocytes--------> Macrophages
19
Q
Lymphoid Line
A
NK cells
O?
T Cells Thymus
B Cells Bone
20
Q
Polychromasia
A
Reticulocytes
Premature RBCs with organelles
21
Q
Erythropoietin
A
Made in the kidneys in response to hypoxia. goes to live.
22
Q
Buffy Coat
A
WBC
platelets
Thick=Sick
23
Q
polychromasia
A
RBC w/ blue-ish center
24
Q
Anisocytosis
A
Variability in shape of RBC
25
3 steps to Hemostasis
1. Vascular spasticity
2. Platelet plug
3. Coagulation
26
Lymphocytes
NK cells
T cells
B cells
27
Myeloid Line
```
Megakaryocytes--- platelets
RBCs
Mast cells
Myeloid
Neutrophils
Basophils
Eosinophils
Monocytes (blood)---- Macrophages
```
28
Thrombopoeitin
From Kidneys and Liver to bone marrow
Platelets: 1 week lifespan
No Nucleus
29
Kupffer cells
in liver
| removers of old platelets
30
What stimulates platelet adhesion and aggregation?
Fragments of endothelial collagen. TXA2, and Epi
31
Glycoprotein 2b/ 3a
Receptor on surface of platelets that intitiates change in morphology that results in multiple multidirectional processes that can then stick to epithelium
32
vWf
von Willebrand Factor. Endothelial cell surface protein that serves as point of attachment for platelets. You can have perfectly normal clotting factors and still have bleeding disorder due to faulty vWf.
33
TXA@
recruits more platelets at site of plug
| VASOCONSTRICTOR
34
D-dimer
Measures Fibrin split products, which result from Plasmin activity on clot.
35
Virchow's Triad
Hypercoagulable state: Too sedentary, BC
Endothelial Injury: Surgery?
Circulatory Stasis: Afib
36
Polys
Neutrophils
60-70% of circulating WBCs
Absolute count
37
Low polys
Radiation therapy
Autoimmune
Drug toxicity
38
Bands
Think 'left shift'.
| Immature Neutrophils
39
Pus
liquified contents from dead neutrophils.
40
Eosinophils
```
2-4% WBCs
Pink cytoplasm.
Present in allergic rxn, autoimmune disease
Low in stress, drug toxicity
Phagocytic.
```
41
Basophils
```
Least numerous
Stain purple with bi-lobar nucleus.
Present in allergic rxns.
Leave the blood stream and turn into tissue Mast Cells.
HISTAMINE BOMBS!!!!!!!!!
Heparin and Serotonin, too
```
42
Monocytes
Late bloomers:)
Arrive late to fight infection
Ingest and destroy mess/ pus that neutrophils left.
Clean up crew.
ESPECIALLY ACTIVE IN VVVVIIIIRRRRAAAALLLL INFECTION
43
NK cells
Indiscriminant Killerz
44
T cells
active against viruses, fungi, transplants, cancer.
Central role in mediating immune response.
Stored in Thymus
45
B cells
Antibodies. Made in bone marrow
46
Gram +
Most cocci
Thick Peptidoglycan
Techoic acid endotoxin
47
Gram -
Mostly enteric rods
LPS endotoxin
IM/ periplasmic space/ OM
48
Even Some Super Killers Have Pretty Nice Big Capsules
```
Capsulated Pathogens (Glycocalyx Slime)
E. Coli
Strep Pneumoniae
Salmonella
Klebsiella Pneumonia
Hemophilus Influenza
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa
Neisseria meningitidis
Bacteroides Fragilis
Cryptococcus Neoformans
```
49
Spore Formers
Anaerobes
G+ Rods
Bacillis Anthracis
Clostridium
50
Semmelweis
Figured out nosocomial puerpural fever that was killing newborn babies.
Gram + stapholococcus aureus
51
Staph Aureus Pathogenicity
Transposons
Plasmids
Transducing particles
52
Gastrula
Blastula develops into 3 laminar structure:
1. Ectoderm: skin hair sweat nervous smooth muscle
2. Endoderm: gut lung liver pancreas thyroid
3. Mesoderm: bone connective tissue skeletal muscle cardiac muscle vessels heart kidneys
53
Neural Tube
infolding of ectoderm. forms brain and spinal cord
54
Notochord
Parallel mesodem to neural tube. comprise somites, then vertebrae and ribs.
55
Muscles of Mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Buccinator
56
Ear muscles that modify sound
Tensory Tympani
| Stapedius
57
There are three major sensory tracts
Posterior Column
Spinothalamic
Spinocerebellar
58
Posterior Column Medial Lemniscus
proprioception, fine touch, vibration
59
Lateral Spinothalamic Tract
Pain
| Temperature
60
Anterior Spinothalamic Tract
Crude Touch
61
Spinocerebellar
Proprioception to Cerebellum
62
Corticobulbar Tract
| Motor
Conscious control of eyes, face, jaw
