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MicroAnatomy U6 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

General characteristics of blood

A
  • Specialized form of connective tissue
  • Enclosed in blood vessels and flows through body
  • Exchange materials btwn blood and tissues
  • Cooperates with nervous and endocrine systems to integrate and regulate bodily functions
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2
Q

Bloods 2 major components

A

Formed elements- RBCs/WBCs/platelets

Plasma

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3
Q

Proteins in plasma

A 
Albumin
Gamma globulins
Fibrinogen
Complement proteins
Other solutes
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4
Q

Albumin

A

Major component of Plasma

  • maintains osmotic pressure of blood
  • role in transport of water insoluble substances
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5
Q

Gamma globulins

A

antibodies

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6
Q

Fibrinogen

A

formation of fibrin during blood clotting

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7
Q

Complement porteins

A

important in inflammation and destruction of microorganisms

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8
Q

Lowest layer after centrifugation

A
  • RBCs
  • About 45% of blood volume
  • Hematocrit
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9
Q

Middle layer after centrifugation

A
  • Buffy coat
  • about 1% of blood volume
  • consists of leukocytes and platelets
  • -lymphocytes/monocytes/neutrophils/eosinophils/basophils
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10
Q

Upper layer after centrifugation

A
  • Blood plasma

- about 50% of blood volume

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11
Q

Factors influencing the ability of RBCs to change shape

A

Geometry- biconcave shape
cytoplasmic viscosity- intracellular [Hb]
Properties of plasma membrane

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12
Q

Plasma membrane of RBC

A

Trilaminar
Membrane skeleton

Lacks- nuclei, ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, golgi and lysosomes

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13
Q

Membrane skeleton made up of

A 
Spectrin
actin
protein 4.1
-influence deformability of membrane
-stabilize membrane against shearing forces
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14
Q

Rouleaux

A

In small blood vessels rbcs often stack up in aggregates

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15
Q

Hemoglobin

A

responsible for cytoplasmic viscosity and eosinophilia

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16
Q

Hb globular chromoprotein

A

Tetramer consisting of 4 glob in polypeptide chains

-each associated with heme group

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17
Q

Hemoglobin A1

A

major form in adults

consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta polypeptide chains

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18
Q

Hemoglobin A2

A

Minor form in adults

Consists of 2 alpha and 2 delta polypeptide chains

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19
Q

Hemoglobin F

A

produced during intrauterine period

consists of 2 alpha and 2 gamma polypeptide chains

20
Q

Hemoglobin S

A

single nucleotide mutation in DNA coding for beta
-glutamic acid–> valine

leads to sickle cell disease
-can lead to anemia and increase blood viscosity

21
Q

RBCs life span and removal

A

120 days

removed by macrophages–spleen/liver/bone marrow

22
Q

Reticulocytes

A

RBCs recently released from bone marrow
contain small amount of ribosomal RNA
Useful indicator of rate of erythrocyte production

23
Q

Leukocytes leave vessels by means of

A

diapedesis

  • btwn cells
  • through cells
24
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

25
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Lymphocytes

Monocytes

26
Q

Number of leukocytes

A

6k-10k/microliter

27
Q

Relative frequency of each leukocyte

A 
Neutrophil- 60-70%
eosinophil- 2-4%
basophil- 0-1%
lymphocytes- 20-30%
monocytes- 3-8%
28
Q

Neutrophils cytoplasmic granules

A

Specific granules- secondary

  • very small
  • 80% of granule population

Azurophilic granules- primary

  • large
  • stain with Azure B
  • primary lysosomes
29
Q

Neutrophil functions

A

Phagocytosis

  • motile
  • display chemotaxis
  • pseudopodia surround bacteria forming phagosomes
  • specific granules fuse with phagosome
  • specific granules
  • azurophilic granules
  • superoxide anions formation
  • netosis
  • microvesicle release
  • cytokine production
  • neurophils die and form pus
30
Q

Specific granules

A

discharge contents into phagosome

  • lysozyme hydrolyzes glycosides in bacterial cell wall
  • lactoferrin is an iron binding protein
31
Q

Azurophilic granules

A

Fuse with phagosome forming secondary lysosome

-enzymes hydrolyze dead bacterium into its constituent small molecules

32
Q

Eosinophils

A

2-4% of leukocytes
bilobed nucleus
granules contain hydrolytic enzymes

33
Q

Eosinophil functions

A 
Phagocytosis
-kill larvae of parasites 
-dispose of antigen-antibody complexes
-granules fuse with phagosomes
enzymes digest phagocytized materal

Secretion

  • release granule contents into ECS
  • inactivate mediators of inflammation- histamine
  • synthesize leukotriene C4 and platelet activating factor
  • –role in inflammation
  • –cause bronchoconstriction
  • –cause mucus hypersecretion
  • produce cytotokines
  • –promote survival and enhance activity
34
Q

Eosinophil potential role in asthma

A
  • Airway constriction
  • mucus hypersecretion
  • inflammation of airway
  • airway remodeling
  • –increased smooth muscle
  • –increased collagen in ECM
  • –goblet cell metaplasia
35
Q

Basophils

A

0-1% of leukocytes
cytoplasmic granules stain intensely with Azure B
granules rich in- heparin, histamine and SRS-A

36
Q

Basophil functions

A
  • role in inflammation
  • immediate hypersensitivity reaction
  • –IgE attach to cell surface
  • –rapid degranulation of basophils and mast cells occurs
  • —-vasodilation and sudden drop in BP
  • delayed hypersensitivity reactions
  • –skin reaction to contact with chemicals
  • –response to tick infestation
37
Q

Lymphocyte functions

A

20-30% of leukocytes

  • B lymphocytes- humoral immunity
  • –differentiate into plasma cells which produce antibodies
  • –undergo mitosis in response to antigenic stimulation
  • —-some plasma cells and some memory B cells
38
Q

T-lymphocytes

A

cell mediated immunity

  • T cell receptors on surface
  • undergo mitosis in response to antigenic stimulation
  • –memory T cells
  • –cytotoxic T lymphocytes
39
Q

Cytotoxic T lymphocytes

A
  • Capable of killing foreign or viral infected cells
  • Recognize other cells that have foreign antigens on their surface
  • lyse these target cells (perforin)
  • induce apoptosis in target cells (granzymes)
40
Q

Helper T cells

A
  • Assist B cells and T cells in their response to antigens
  • produce lymphokines
  • specific target for HIV
41
Q

suppressor T cells

A
  • suppress or dampen the response to foreign antigens
  • suppress immune response to self molecules
  • block anti-tumor responses of cytotoxic T cells
42
Q

Natural Killer cells (NK)

A
  • 5% of circulating lymphocytes
  • neither B nor T cell surface molecules
  • large azurophilic granules
43
Q

NK cell function

A
  • Kill virus infected cells
  • kill malignant cells
  • production of cytokines that influence host’s immune response
44
Q

Monocytes

A

4% of circulating leukocytes

-contains small azurophilic granules and vacuoles

45
Q

Monocytes major function

A
  • phagocytosis of bacteria and tissue debris
  • concentrate and process certain antigens for presentation to lymphocytes
  • formation of osteoclasts
  • formation of giant cells(inflammation)
  • production of cytokines (involved in regulation of hematopoiesis
  • immune surveillance
46
Q

Blood platelets

A

small cytoplasmic fragments of megakaryocytic
normal count- 200k-400k
average lifespan 10days
contain functional repertoire of mRNAs

47
Q

Platelets function

A

seal off small breaks in blood vessels
play role in blood coagulation
maintain competence of vascular endothelium
-thrombocytopenia- may result in leaky microvasculature

MicroAnatomy U6 (3 decks)

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