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Animal Physiology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

0
Q

Why is average water intake important?

A

Water intake maintains constant body temperature

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1
Q

Why does obesity decrease the percent of average water in body weight?

A

Fat is hydrophobic so it retains less water than lean tissue

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2
Q

Water turnover

A

Maintains water balance in the body

Majority of water we intake is from food or liquids we ingest. Water is lost through breathing, exercising, and production of waste.

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3
Q

Two main fluid compartments

A
  1. Intracellular (inside cells)

2. Extracellular (blood plasma, interstitial fluid)

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4
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Designed for movement of macromolecules paired with the circulatory system

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5
Q

Where is does interstitial fluid originate from?

A

Filtration from capillaries. Consists of same components as plasma except for large proteins that exists at lower levels

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6
Q

Why is [Ca] zero in intracellular compartments?

A

Because free Ca is stored until needed.

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7
Q

Why is total osmotic pressure higher for extracellular fluids (plasma)?

A

Because it allows solutes to move into the blood more readily

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8
Q

Cellular clefts

A

Channels for fluid and solutes between cells

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9
Q

Polarity, size, and permeability

A

Increased polarity and size decreases permeability of a substance

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10
Q

Major proteins of the plasma

A
  1. Albumin
  2. Globulin
  3. Fibrinogen

1>2>3

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11
Q

Albumin

A

Most abundant plasma protein, acts as non-specific protein carrier, provide colloid pressure in plasma

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12
Q

Globulin

A

Specific carrier proteins

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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Important for blood clotting, polymerizes into long fibrin threads during blood coagulation

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14
Q

Fluid movement out of capillary due to pressure from …

A

Capillary pressure and plasma colloid osmotic pressure

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15
Q

Fluid movement into capillary due to pressure from…

A

Interstitial fluid pressure and interstitial fluid colloid osmotic pressure

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16
Q

When does colloid pressure increase?

A

When protein content increases

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17
Q

Why does net outward force of capillaries need to be greater than inward force?

A

To maintain constant filtration to interstitial compartments

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18
Q

Components of the interstitial compartment

A
  1. Collagen fibres
  2. Proteoglycan filaments entrap fluid to form a “gel”
  3. Small amount of free flowing water is stored and exchanged between small vesicles
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19
Q

Endema

A

Result of fluid buildup in the interstitial compartment

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20
Q

Importance of gel formation in the interstitial compartment

A
  1. Uniform distribution of fluid compartments
  2. Prevention of fluid accumulation due to gravity
  3. Maintain optimal intercellular distance (hold cells apart)
  4. Give shape to body parts
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21
Q

Lymphatic system

A

Accessory route for transport of fluid and macromolecules from interstitial space to veins.

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22
Q

Lymph

A

Fluid in lymphatic system, absorbed from surrounding tissue into tubes that lead to lymph nodes

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23
Q

Lymph nodes

A

Filter lymph to remove blood contaminants before drainage into the veins, allowing clean blood to flow back to the heart

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24
Q

Lymph flow and fluid pressure

A

Flow is function of interstitial fluid pressure. Flow occurs in one direction due to presence of valves.

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25
Q

Negative effect by blockage of lymph valves

A

Blockage causes build up of lymph leading to inflammation. Continued increase in back flow pressure causes filtration rate to decrease. Tissues stop getting important nutrients and start dying. Sever cases involve amputations.

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26
Q

Hemopoeisis

A

The production of blood cells, formed from the differentiation of PLEURIPOTENTIAL HEMOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

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27
Q

Cytokines

A

Small proteins important in cell signalling, important for regulation of blood proliferation, maturation and growth of blood cells.

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28
Q

Interleukins and stem cell factors

A

Increase production of all HEMOPOIETIC stem cells

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29
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Stimulate differentiation into erythrocytes

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30
Q

Thrombopeitin

A

Stimulate differentiation into megakaryocytes

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31
Q

Granulocytes monocytes colony stimulating factors

A

Stimulate differentiation into granulocytes and monocytes

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32
Q

Interleukins

A

Type of cytokines synthesized by helper cells

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33
Q

Myeloid stem cell derived blood cells

A

Erythrocytes
Platelets
Leukocytes (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophils)
Monocytes

34
Q

Lymphoid stem cells derived blood cells

A

B and T lymphocytes

Plasma cells

35
Q

Structure of red blood cells (erythrocytes)

A

Mature RBC has no nucleus

Membrane is deformed into biconcave disk

Has ability to change shape and pass through capillaries

36
Q

Advantage of biconcave structure for RBC

A

Maximize surface area for gas exchange

37
Q

Hematocrit

A

Volume of RBC in the blood

38
Q

Function of RBC

A
  1. Transport hemoglobin (oxygen carrier)
  2. Hemoglobin in blood acts as a acid base buffer
  3. Contains carbonic anhydrase to catalyze production of bicarbonate (prevent accumulation of co2)
39
Q

Production of RBC

A
  1. Birth from stem cell of bone marrow
  2. Erythropoietin stimulate differentiation into RBC
  3. Committed cells differentiate into RBC or colony forming unit erythrocyte (CFUE)
40
Q

Hemoglobin composition

A

4 Pyroles + 1 Fe = 1 Heme

1 Heme + 1 Globin (peptide chain: a,b,c,d) = 1 Hemoglobin subunit

4 Hemoglobin subunits = 1 functional Hemoglobin

41
Q

Most abundant hemoglobin in an adult

A

Hemoglobin A: units consist of 2 alpha and 2 beta globin chains

42
Q

How many oxygen molecules can bind to a hemoglobin?

A

4 molecules due to 4 Fe (sum from all subunits)

43
Q

Why can fetal hemoglobin have greater affinity for oxygen?

A

Fetal hemoglobin have a gamma globin chain rather than a beta. This decreases levels of BPG to favour oxygen binding to hemoglobin. This higher affinity for oxygen is required to extract maternal oxygen across the placenta

44
Q

Haldane effect

A

Oxygenation of blood decreases affinity for CO2. De oxygenation of blood increases affinity for CO2. This is achieved by the confirmation change of hemoglobin when it binds to CO2 or O2.

45
Q

Sickle cell anemia affect on hemoglobin

A

Point mutation causes structural change of hemoglobin. Sickle cells are more rigid and cannot bind to oxygen as well, and gets stuck in vessels which lead to degeneration of blood cells causing anemia.

46
Q

Erythropoietin

A

Produced in the kidney, stimulated by low oxygen levels (hypoxia) to induce differentiation of blood cells to RBC

Hypoxia
Anemia
Low hemoglobin
Poor blood flow
Pulmonary disease
47
Q

How long does RBC production take?

A

About 5 days

48
Q

Blood doping

A

Moving from a lower altitude to higher altitude to increase blood production for maximum oxygen loading.

49
Q

Megaloblastic anemia

A

Anemia resulting from lack of vitamin B12 and folic acid. Enlarged blood cells cannot diffuse through membranes so the degenerate causing anemia which triggers increase in erythropoietin

50
Q

Why is vitamin B12 and folic acid important?

A

Involved in DNA synthesis and the cell cycle (nuclear maturation required to sustain proliferation of RBC)

51
Q

Pernicious anemia

A

Inability to absorb vitamin B12 and Folic acid leading to anemia

52
Q

Ferritin

A

Intracellular protein in the liver which binds to iron and reserves it for blood production

53
Q

Transferrin or beta globulin

A

Plasma protein that binds to iron.

  1. Direct iron to mitochondria for heme production
  2. Increase iron absorption from gut
  3. Prevent anemia
54
Q

Average lifetime of an RBC

A

120 days

55
Q

What is inside RBCs?

A

No nucleus

No organelles

Cellular enzymes capable of limited metabolism to form ATP and other compounds

56
Q

Metabolic capacity of RBC

A

Metabolic capability decrease with time because they run out of metabolites. This leads or membrane weakening and the RBC ruptures

57
Q

What happens to ruptured RBC?

A

They are phagocytosis by macrophages.

58
Q

What happens to iron from ruptured RBC?

A

Iron binds to transferrin.

59
Q

What happens to the porphyrin portion of the ruptured RBC?

A

It is converted to bilirubin which is incorporated into bile. Build up can lead to hepatitis.

60
Q

Porphyrin

A

Portion of the heme without Fe

61
Q

Bilirubin

A

Possible antioxidant?

62
Q

Platelets

A

Small oval disc cells derived from large megakaryocytes in the bone marrow. (Basically the membrane fragments of megakaryocytes).

No nucleus, but does have organelles.

Short life span.

63
Q

How are platelets activated?

A

Activated by contact with college through recognition by surface glycoprotein.

64
Q

Why do platelets have actin, myosin, and thrombosthenin?

A

To give them protrusion and adhesion abilities

65
Q

What can platelet cells make?

A

They contain residuals of Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum that allow them to make enzymes, ATP, ADP, eicosanoids, and store Ca++

66
Q

Hemostasis

A

Maintain blood levels by preventing loss of blood

67
Q

How is hemostasis achieved?

A
  1. Vascular spasm and constriction
  2. Formation of platelet plug
  3. Blood coagulation
  4. Tissue repair
68
Q

Vascular constriction

A

Cut or rupture of a blood vessel releases thromboxane A2 from platelet cells which contact collagen.

Or

Pain reception causes some degree of vasoconstriction

69
Q

Forming a platelet plug

A

Cut allows platelets to contact collagen. Results in production and release of ADP and thromboxane A2 to activate other platelet cells. Aggregation of platelets from a plug that can stop minor bleeding.

70
Q

What enzyme releases thromboxane A2 upon platelet activation?

A

Cyclo-oxygenase 2

71
Q

Why is ADP important in a platelet plug formation?

A

ADP stimulate platelets to swell and protrude podia to adhere to the damaged site.

72
Q

How is a platelet blog stabilized?

A

Required fibrin stabilizing factor

73
Q

How is more sever blood loss stopped?

A

Blood clotting

74
Q

Importance of vitamin K

A

Presence allow production if prothrombin, the precursor of thrombin important in blood coagulation

75
Q

Tissue thromboplastin (factor 3)

A

Activate extrinsic pathway due to tissue trauma

76
Q

Hagemen factor (factor 12)

A

Activate intrinsic pathway due to blood trauma leading to coagulation.

77
Q

Anticoagulants

A

Factors that prevent blood clots

78
Q

Glycocalyx

A

Anticoagulant: Absorbs to inner surface of endothelium and repels clotting factors

79
Q

Thrombomodulin

A

Anticoagulant: binds to and deactivates thrombin to prevent clotting

80
Q

Heparin

A

Anticoagulant: activate factors that remove thrombin to ensure blood doesn’t clot when not necessary.

81
Q

Clot formation and dissolution

A
  1. Clot form
  2. Healing initiated
  3. Plasmin activates fibrolysin which breaks down stable fibrin
  4. Clot starts dissolving due to phagocytosis
82
Q

Why is platelet activation local?

A

Because it need only cause vasoconstriction and clotting at site of injury.

Animal Physiology (5 decks)

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