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Body Defense System Flashcards

0
Q

Blood cells involved in the immune system

A

Leukocyte:

  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. B and T lymphocytes
  6. Plasma cells
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1
Q

Importance of immune system

A

Body defence against pathogens, infectious agents, viruses, etc.

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2
Q

Movement ofwhite blood cells through pores

A

Diapedesis: deformation of cells to pass through pores mediated by selectin

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3
Q

How do pores of endothelial layer change?

A

Size can be altered by presence of growth factors or cytokines

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4
Q

Chemotaxis

A

Movement directed by chemical concentration gradients

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5
Q

Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils

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6
Q

Neutrophils

A

Most abundant leukocyte. Neutralize infectious bodies by phagocytosis.

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7
Q

Eosinophils

A

Mobilized following parasitic infection. Release hydrolysis enzymes to weaken the parasite and release H2O2 to help detoxify inflammatory substances.

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8
Q

Basophils

A

Produce heparin. Facilitate removal of fat. Release histamine which activates inflammation and pain pathways for allergic reactions.

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9
Q

Two functional forms of immunity

A

Innate immune system

Adaptive of acquired immune system

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10
Q

How are infectious agents detected?

A

Damaged cells activate and attract phagocytic cells by releasing chemotactic factors

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11
Q

Innate immunity

A

Physical barriers and factors
Soluble compounds
Cellular component

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12
Q

Physical barriers

A

Skin

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13
Q

Physiological factors

A

Low pH or acid, increased temperature, oxygen tension

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14
Q

Soluble compounds

A

Lysozyme
Complement complex system
C reactive protein
Cytokines

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15
Q

Lysozyme

A

Enzymes that attack bacterial cell wall by cleaving molecules to disrupt integrity of cell

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16
Q

C reactive protien

A

Bind to c-peptides on bacteria to flag them for the complement system

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17
Q

Complement system

A

Compliments removal of pathogens

  1. Directly though activation of antibodies
  2. Contacting surface of pathogens
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18
Q

Cytokines

A

Biochemical messengers stimulate leukocyte activity

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19
Q

NK cells

A

Natural killer cells have no memory but is able to ducted viral proteins and target viral cells.

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20
Q

How to NK cells work?

A

Activated by interferons produced by viral cells and lymphocytes. NK cells bind to virus and release granules to form pores in the virus membrane which cause it to lyse

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21
Q

Phagocytic cells

A

Neutrophils and macrophages

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22
Q

Opsonization

A

Deposition of compounds (opsonins) on infectious agents to enhance its recognition. Multiple opsonins increase efficiency of detection.

Ex. C3B and antibody

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23
Q

Reticuloendothelial system

A

Network of neutrophils and macrophages in organs, bone marrow, spleen, and lymph node that move around in the blood stream and are attracted to foreign substances via chemotaxis

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24
Tissues with high amounts of phagocytic cells
``` Skin and subcutaneous tissue Liver sinus Spleen Bone marrow Lymph node Alveoli ```
25
Adaptive immunity
Work in concert with innate immunity but provides more specific immunity against individual agents. Able to remember past infections so it can deliver immunity faster due to a subsequent encounter.
26
Antibody structure
2 heavy chains and 2 light chains bound by disulphides bonds
27
How is an antibody bifunctional?
Has an antigen binding region (Fab domain) Has a cell binding domain (Fc region)
28
Epitope
Specific binding site on a molecule that corresponds to a antibody
29
Specific antigen antibody reaction
Epitope matches Fab region
30
Cross reaction
Epitope slightly matches Fab region
31
No reaction
Epitope resembles no similarity to Fab region. Therefore antibody cannot bind to molecule to execute a immune reaction.
32
Immunoglobulin G
Most abundant | Targets toxins
33
Immunoglobulin A
In sero-mucus secretion (saliva, colostrum, milk, genito-urinary)
34
Immunoglobulin M
Binds to substrates to increase detection | Early antibody
35
Immunoglobulin D
On B lymphocytes Trigger lymphocyte differentiation Bind to specific antigens
36
Immunoglobulin E
Respond to allergens and parasites Present on basophils and mast cells Inflammatory
37
Humoral immunity
Mediated by B cells Produce specific antibodies Mature in bone marrow
38
Cell mediated immunity
T cells Destroy invaders Mature in thymus
39
How b and T cells work together?
B cells make antibodies | T cells destroy cells with specific antibodies
40
Clonal selection
Each B cell is only able to produce one antibody and recognize one antigen. Binding of a specific antigen to a preformed B cell leads to B cell activation. Enlargement of B cell to plasma cell leads to proliferation of a corresponding antibody.
41
What happens to B cells that do not become plasma cells?
They form memory cells which have membrane components that recognize the same antigen; important to effectively fight a subsequent re infection
42
Secondary response
Rapid and potent antibody response to subsequent re infection due to presence of memory cells.
43
Adjuvence
Process of enhancing a immune response. Ex. Vaccines
44
Function of antibodies
Agglutinate multiple organisms into large aggregates Neutralize molecule by binding to its active site Opsonization Complement activation (recruit proteins to form pore)
45
Major groups if T cells
Helper Cytotoxic or killer Suppressor
46
Helper T cells
Secrete cytokines including interleukins that help other T cells
47
Cytotoxic or killer T-cells
Bind to antigen on foreign cell and secrete perforin which mediates hole formation that causes apoptosis
48
How does the immune system distinguish between foreign cells and itself?
Membrane of cells belonging to the body contain histocompatibility molecules or human leukocyte antigens.
49
Where do histocompatibility molecules come from?
The major histocompatibility complex Each person can only produce 3-6 types Probability that these molecules are identical between two people is small. Reason for a lot of transplant rejections.
50
Class 1 major histocompatibility complex molecules
Produced by all cells except RBC
51
Class 2 major histocompatibility complex molecules
Only produced by macrophages and B cells
52
Which MHC molecules correlate with killer T cells?
Class 1
53
Which MHC molecules correlate with helper T cells?
Class 2
54
What are the different MHC receptors?
CD4 for helper | CD8 for killer
55
How are B cells activated?
Binding to antigen or binding to antigen presented on other leukocytes
56
Suppressor T cells
Regulatory T cells Reduced helper T cell activity Important for self immune tolerance
57
Immune tolerance
1. Clonal detection: destroy lymphocytes with receptors for self 2. Clonal anergy: lymphocytes do not attack self antigen
58
Hypersensitivity
Reaction to an antigen resulting in a pathological reaction
59
Antihistamines
Block allergen receptors to reduce reaction to allergens
60
Allergic reaction
1. Allergen enters body 2. Allergen binds to associated antibodies on lymphocytes 3. Binding leads to activation and release of histamine 4. Histamine causes inflammation
61
Inflammation
Vasodilation of local blood vessels Increased permeability of capillaries Increase interstitial fluid Swelling
62
Walling off
Process of stoping spread of inflammation. Increased interstitial fluid begins to clot because of leaked fibrinogen. Creation of barrier.
63
What does inflammation attract?
Macrophages Neutrophils Monocytes differentiate to macrophages Granulocytes produce more monocytes

Animal Physiology (5 decks)

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