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Hematology 2 > Hematology 2 Exam 1 Part 1 > Flashcards

Hematology 2 Exam 1 Part 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Define Leukopoiesis.

A

Production/proliferation of leukocytes in BLT

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2
Q

Define lymphopoiesis.

A

Production of lymphocytes in the bone marrow or lymph tissues

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3
Q

Define myelopoiesis (granulocytopoiesis)

A

Production of neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils in the bone marrow ONLY

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4
Q

WBC classification in order from greatest to least

A

Neutrophils (segs): 5-70%
Lymphocytes: 18-42%
Monocytes: 2-11%
Eosinophils: 1-3%
Basophils: 0-2%

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5
Q

How do WBCs defend against foreign invaders?

A

-Immunocytes (lymphs) produce antibodies
-Lymphocytes produce cytokines
-Segs and monos produce inflammatory mediators
-Phagocytosis by granulocytes and mononuclear cells

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6
Q

As cells mature, what happens?

A

-Cell size decreases
-Nuclear chromatin becomes condensed
-Nucleoli disappear
-N:C ratio gets smaller
-Cytoplasm amount and color changes

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7
Q

As cell cytoplasm matures, what happens

A

-Deep blue color gets pale
-Granules may appear
-Amount increases

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8
Q

As cell nuclear maturation occurs, what happens?

A

-Nucleus decrease in size
-Chromatic becomes condensed or clumped
-Color changes from red to blue/purple
-Nucleoli may decrease or become absent

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9
Q

Define Erythron.

A

All stages or erythrocytes in the whole body

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10
Q

Define RBC mass.

A

Cells in circulation

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11
Q

What does erythropoietin do to increase RBCs in circulation?

A

-Allows early release of reticulocytes
-Increases number of mature erythrocytes
-Reduces marrow

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12
Q

What is the first stage of RBC maturation? Describe it.

A

Pronomoblast (or “blast”)
-Biggest stage
-Very basophilic w/ high RNA content

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13
Q

What is the first recognizable erythroid precursor cell?

A

Pronormoblast

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14
Q

BFU-E stays for _____ –> CFU-E stays for ___ –> Pronormoblast stays for ____

A

1 week, 1 week, 24 hours

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15
Q

What is the second stage of RBC maturation? Describe it.

A

Basophilic normoblast
-Round nucleus
-No visible nucleoli
-Temporarily more basophilic (RNA synthesis)

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16
Q

What is the third stage of RBC maturation? Describe it.

A

Polychromatic normoblast
-Round/sometimes eccentric nucleus
-opaque cytoplasm
-violet-blue or grayish color due to hgb synthesis
-polychromasia

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17
Q

What is the last stage of RBC maturation that is capable of mitosis?

A

Polychromatic normoblast

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18
Q

What stage in RBC maturation do we see hemoglobin synthesis (visually) and pyknotic clumping of the nucleus?

A

Polychromatic normoblast

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19
Q

What is the fourth stage of RBC maturation? What else can we call this stage? Describe it.

A

Orthochromic normoblast, or nRBC
-Nucleus is very pyknotic
-Cytoplasm is polychromatic

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20
Q

What is the 5th stage of RBC maturation? What else can we call this stage? Describe it.

A

Reticulocyte, Retic, or “shift” cell
-NO nucleus present
-May still have basophilic stipping

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21
Q

How long do retics stay in the marrow, pb, and spleen

A

marrow: 1 day
p.b.: 1 days
spleen: few days

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22
Q

What stain is used to view retics?

A

Methylene blue stain

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23
Q

What is the final stage of RBC maturation? Describe it.

A

Erythrocyte
-No nucleus
-Distinct central pallow
-No protein, or hgb made, or no mitochondria present

24
Q

Life span of RBCs and how far do they travel in that time?

A

120 days; 300 miles

25
Q

CFU-S or HSC consist of which antigen? What does it mature into?

A

CD 34 antigen; matures into CFU-GEMM

26
Q

CFU-GEMM consists of which antigens? What does it mature into?

A

CD33 and CD34; matures into CFU-GM

27
Q

CFU-GM is controlled by what? What does this mature into?

A

Controlled by ILs and CSFs; matures into myeloblasts

28
Q

What are the four colony stimulating factors?

A

Multi-CSF (IL-3)
GM-CSF
G-CSF
M-CSF

29
Q

Describe multi-CSF (IL-3), its source and its function.

A

-Stimulated by endotoxin released from infection

-Source: Fibroblasts, T-lymphs, macrophages, and monocytes

-Function: Stimulates regeneration, maturation, and differentiation of multi-potential and uni-potential stem cells

30
Q

Describe GM-CSF, its source and its function.

A

Important for myeloid maturation in the marrow

-Source: T-lymphs, marrow fibroblasts, marrow endothelial cells, and monocytes

-Function: stimulates neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocyte growth

31
Q

Describe M-CSF (CSF-1), its source and its function.

A

-Primary monocytic growth factor

-Source: mature monocytes, marrow fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

-Function: stimulates macrophages and release of G-CSF from monocytes, stimulates release of tumor necrosis factor (TNF), interferon, and IL-1 from macrophages

31
Q

Describe G-CSF, its source and its function.

A

-Specific granulocyte GF

-Source: monocytes, marrow fibroblasts, and endothelial cells

-Function: stimulates neutrophils, and enhances functional response of neutrophils

32
Q

What are the 6 stages of neutrophil maturation?

A
  1. Myeloblast
  2. Promyelocyte
  3. Myelocyte
  4. metamyelocyte (indentation)
  5. Band
  6. Segmented (polymorphonuclear)
33
Q

What is the first stage of neutrophil maturation? Describe it.

A

Myeloblast or “blast”
-Primary granules begin to appear
-Large cell
-Lacy/smooth chromatin
-1-2% normal in b.m, but NOT IN P.B.
-Expressed antigens CD13 and CD33

34
Q

What is the second stage of neutrophil maturation? Describe.

A

Pro-myelocyte
-Prominent primary granules (Azurophilic)
2-5% normal in b.m, BUT NOT IN P.B.
*The red-purple is helpful in distinguishing promyelocytes from myeloblasts

35
Q

What is the third stage of neutrophil maturation? Describe.

A

Myelocyte
-Pinkish secondary/specific granules are now visible
-Primary granules are less visible
-Dawn of neutrophilia occurs
-Decreased RNA synthesis so less blue

36
Q

What is dawn of neutrophilia?

A

Specific granules form in golgi area, causing a pink arc

37
Q

What type of granules are visible in the promylocyte stage? What color(s) are these granules?

A

Primary/Nonspecific/Azurophilic; Red-purple color

38
Q

What do primary/nonspecific or azurophilic granules contain? What do they stain positive for?

A

Lysosomes that contain lysozyme, acid hydrolases, myloperoxidase (MPO)
**, proteases and superoxide

YES, stains (+) for peroxide

39
Q

What type of granules can be seen in the myelocyte stage? What do they cause and what color are they?

A

Secondary/specific granules; Pale lavender-pink color; Cause dawn of neutrophilia

40
Q

What do secondary/specific granules contain? Do they stain positive for peroxidase?

A

Lysosomes; contain lysozyme, lactoferrin**, collagenases, and complement activators.

No they do not stain positive for peroxidase

41
Q

Tertiary granules are invisible, but show what color with a special LAP stain? What do they contain? Do they stain positive for peroxidase?

A

Show blue-purple with lap stain;
Lysosomes; contain lysozyme, DAF, gelatinase, and LAP

No they do not stain positive for peroxidase

42
Q

What is the fourth stage of neutrophil maturation? Describe

A

Metamyelocyte (indentation)
-Kidney bean or peanut shaped nucleaus
-Pink cytiplasm with pink-purple secondary granules
-12-25% normal in bone marrow, BUT NOT NORMAL IN P.B.
-NUCLEUS BECOMES INDENTED

43
Q

What is the 5th stage of neutrophil maturation? Describe.

A

Band
-Curved, band-like nucleus (C or S shaped)
-some phagocytic ability
-Normal in small %’s in p.b.

44
Q

An increase of bands in the p.b. is known as

A

Shift to the left

45
Q

What is the last stage of neutrophil maturation?

A

Segmented or polymorphonucleus
-50-70% of total WBC population in normal adult p.b.
-Completely functional cell
-2-5 lobes
-Hypersegmentation is >5 lobes

46
Q

Toxic granulation causes pronunciation of which granules

A

Secondary granules

47
Q

Granulocytes reside in 2 main areas of the body, moving from:

A

Bone marrow –> p.b. –> tissues (Endothelium to tissues is non-reversible)

48
Q

What are the three functions of granulocytes in bone marrow?

A

Proliferation:
Maturation:
Storage:

49
Q

How much WBCs does the bone marrow hold?

A

About 25x the amount in circulation (4-10 day supply)

50
Q

In the bloodstream, granulocytes enter and then divide up equally between two pools. What are they?

A

Circulating pool (CP): Counted in a WBC count
Marginating pool (MP): liest against endothelial lining of blood vessels

51
Q

Marginating cells can be mobilized into p.b. circulating pool and cause an increase in WBC count due to:

A

Stress, exercise, crying children, and stressed out adults due to epinephrine

52
Q

How long do granulocytes stay in p.b. before they move into tissues via diapedesis? How long do they ‘do their job’ before they die?

A

6-10 hours in p.b.
1-5 days to do their job

53
Q

Which WBCs are capable of phagocytosis?

A

Primarily phagocytes (monocytes and neutrophils), but eos and basos are capable of LIMITED phagocytosis

54
Q

What are the 5 steps of phagocytosis?

A

MRID(E)
M: Directed motility (migration)
R: Recognition and attachment
I: ingestion and phagocytosis
D: Degranulation/digestion and killing
E: exocytosis

Hematology 2 (4 decks)

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