HEMATOLOGY Flashcards
What are the stages of Hackett’s classification of splenomegaly?
Stage 0: Spleen not palpable.
Stage 1: Spleen just palpable below the low costal margin on deep inspiration.
Stage 2: Spleen palpable halfway between costal margin and umbilicus.
Stage 3: Spleen palpable halfway to the umbilicus but not beyond it.
Stage 4: Spleen palpable below the umbilicus but not below the horizontal line halfway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis.
Stage 5: Spleen palpable below the horizontal line midway between umbilicus and pubic symphysis.
What are some hematological causes of splenomegaly?
Hemolysis (resorption of red blood cells): Thalassemia, hemolytic anemia (except sickle cell), megaloblastic anemia, iron deficiency anemia.
Leukemias
Myelofibrosis
Polycythemia vera
What are vascular causes of splenomegaly?
Portal venous obstruction due to cirrhosis of the liver or thrombosis.
Collagen tissue disorders (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus
What infections can cause splenomegaly?
Septicemias (e.g., bacterial endocarditis).
Infectious mononucleosis.
Brucellosis.
Enteric infections.
Miliary tuberculosis.
Tropical diseases.
What infiltrative conditions can cause splenomegaly?
Amyloidosis.
Sarcoidosis.
lipoidosis
What are the symptoms of hypoxia in the brain?
Somnolence (sleepiness or drowsiness).
Headache.
Dizziness.
What are the symptoms of hypoxia in the heart?
Tachycardia (rapid heart rate).
Pump failure (heart can’t pump blood effectively).
What are the symptoms of hypoxia in the lungs?
Dyspnea (shortness of breath).
What are the symptoms of hypoxia in skeletal muscles?
FAtigability (easily tired).
Weakness.
What does pallor look like in different types of anemia?
White pallor: Iron deficiency or post-hemorrhagic anemia.
Yellowish pallor: Megaloblastic anemia.
Golden yellow face: Hemolytic anemia
What does a polyglobulic face look like and in which condition is it seen?
A dusky red color in the cheeks, ears, lips, and nose.
Seen in polycythemia (too many red blood cells).
What are petechiae and what do they indicate?
Petechiae are small red or purple spots on the skin, less than 3 mm in size.
Caused by small capillary leaks and indicate problems like low platelets.
What are ecchymoses and what do they indicate?
Ecchymoses are larger bruises, greater than 1 cm in size.
Caused by larger blood vessel leaks under the skin, often due to low platelets or clotting issues.
What symptoms are caused by leukopenia (low white blood cells)?
Repeated bacterial infections (weakened immune system).
Increased risk of infections like skin infections, pneumonia, and urinary tract infections.
What symptoms are caused by thrombocytopenia (low platelets)?
Excessive bruising (easy bruising).
Petechiae (small red spots).
Nosebleeds, bleeding gums.
Blood in urine or stool.
What are the symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?
Pallor (white pallor).
Fatigue and weakness.
Shortness of breath on exertion.
Brittle nails and cravings for non-food items (pica).
What are the symptoms of megaloblastic anemia?
Yellowish pallor.
Fatigue and weakness.
Glossitis (inflamed tongue).
Numbness and tingling in hands/feet (neuropathy).
Caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
What are the symptoms of hemolytic anemia?
Golden-yellow face (pallor with a yellow tint).
Fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
Jaundice (yellowing of skin and eyes).
Increased reticulocyte count (immature red blood cells)
What are the symptoms of polycythemia?
Dusky red face (especially in cheeks, ears, lips, and nose).
Fatigue, headaches, and dizziness.
Increased risk of blood clots and stroke
What are the common symptoms of anemia?
Fatigue and weakness.
Pallor (pale skin).
Shortness of breath on exertion.
Dizziness and headache
What are the different types of anemia and their causes?
Iron deficiency anemia: Caused by lack of iron.
Megaloblastic anemia: Caused by vitamin B12 or folate deficiency.
Hemolytic anemia: Caused by increased destruction of red blood cells.
Post-hemorrhagic anemia: Caused by blood loss
How does anemia affect oxygen delivery in the body?
Anemia causes a decrease in hemoglobin (the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells), leading to less oxygen being delivered to tissues, which causes symptoms like fatigue, weakness, and shortness of breath.
