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Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

The study of blood and its components

A

Hematology

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2
Q

% of total body weight

A

7-8%

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3
Q

Average blood volume

A

Male: 5-7L
Female: 4-6L

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4
Q

Blood is made up of

A

45% Formed Elements (RBC, WBC, PLTs)
55% Fluid Portion

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5
Q

Fluid portion is known as either

A

Plasma or Serum

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6
Q

unclotted blood or anticoagulated blood and contains fibrinogen.

A

Plasma

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7
Q

clotted blood and does not contain fibrinogen

A

Serum

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8
Q

Fluid portion is made up of

A

90% water
10% solutes

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9
Q

What are the three types of blood collection?

A

Arterial Puncture
Venipuncture
Skin Puncture

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10
Q

Most preferred site for venipuncture

A

Median antecubital fossa of the vein.

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11
Q

How many times are allowed to collect blood from patient?

A

2 times (theoretically)

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12
Q

Site for skin puncture for <1yr old

A

medial or lateral portion of plantar surface of the foot.

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13
Q

Site for skin puncture for >1yr old

A

second, third, or fourth finger; perpendicular to the finger print; slightly off center.

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14
Q

Which specimen is utilized for CBC?

A

EDTA Whole Blood

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15
Q

Which specimen is utilized for methemoglobin quantification?

A

Heparinized Whole Blood

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16
Q

What specimen is used for coagulation studies?

A

Platelet-Poor Citrated Plasma

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17
Q

What specimen is used for PLT aggregation studies?

A

Platelet-Rich Citrated Plasma

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18
Q

What specimen is used for Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility Test (EOFT), Autohemolysis, and Acid Serum Test?

A

Defibrinated Blood

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19
Q

What specimen is used for primary laboratories and for babies?

A

Capillary Blood

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20
Q

What are the dimensions of the tourniquet?

A

18-20 inches long;
1 inch wide

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21
Q

Tourniquet should be placed/applied

A

3-4 inches (7.5-10 cm) above from the puncture site.

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22
Q

What needle gauge is routinely used for adults?

A

19, 20, 21, 22
21- most commonly used

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23
Q

What gauge number is used for blood donation?

A

gauge #16

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24
Q

What gauge # is used for blood transfusion?

A

gauge #18

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25
Q

DNA fragments; Keulgen Stain (+); Found in Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Howell-Jolly Bodies

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26
Q

Denatured Hgb; Supravital Stain (+); G6PD Deficiency; Unstable Hgb; exposure/ingestion of oxidizing agents (e.g., Naphthalene ball/Moth balls)

A

Heinz Bodies

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27
Q

Siderotic granules; Iron granules; Perl’s Prussian Blue (+); Found in Sideroblastic Anemia

A

Pappenheimer bodies

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28
Q

Aggregates of ribosomes; Found in Lead poisoning; Found in Pyrimidine 5 nucleotidase deficiency

A

Basophilic Stripplings

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29
Q

Red-violet; Figure of 8/infinity; Remnants of mitotic spindle fiber; Found in Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Cabot rings

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30
Q

Found in HbC disease; hexagonal (rods); in pairs; in parallel

A

HgB Cc

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31
Q

Found in Hb Sc disease; Washington monument/ finger-like (hand-like) appearance

A

HgB Sc

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32
Q

Anemia due to impaired DNA synthesis

A

Megaloblastic Anemia

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33
Q

Young blood cells that were forced to enter the circulation or peripheral blood; Found in Hemolytic Anemia

A

Shift Cells

34
Q

Found in abetalipoproteinemia “Bassen-Kornzweig Syndrome”
Found in McLeod phenotype (Kell Blood Group System)

A

Acanthocyte “Spur Cells”

35
Q

Found in uremia (kidney problems)

A

Echinocyte “Burr cell”

36
Q

Found in Myelofibrosis and Myeloid Metaplasia

A

Dacrocyte “Teardrop cells”

37
Q

Crescent/Banana appearance
Found in HbS + individuals

A

Drepanocyte “Sickle cell”

38
Q

Found in RBC fragments
Found in Burns & Hemolytic Anemia

A

Schizocyte/Schistocyte

39
Q

Found in Liver disease
Rh null phenotype

A

Stomatocyte “Mouth Cells”

40
Q

Found in Thalassemia;
Hemoglobinopathy

A

Codocyte “Target Cell”

41
Q

Horn-Like/ Helmet-like appearance
Found in Hemolytic Anemia

A

Keratocyte

42
Q

Oval RBCs:
Found in Plasmodium ovale infection

43
Q

Hypo-segmented;
Bilobed;
Associated with Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML) and Chronic Granulocytic Leukemia (CGL)

A

Pelger-Huet “Pince-Nez”

44
Q

Neutrophils have >5 lobes;
Found in Megaloblastic Anemia

A

Hypersegmentation

45
Q

Defective lysosomes;
Defect in the digestion process of phagocytes;
Golden-brown inclusion (purplish);
Bead-like appearance

A

Chediak Higashi

46
Q

Common;
Found in infections
Found in neutrophils only
Accompanied with Dohle Bodies & Vaculations

A

Toxic Granulation

47
Q

Found in mucopolysaccharides
Found in all WBCs

Test in urine for mucopolysaccharides
Reagent: CTAB “Cetyl Trimethyl Ammonium Bromide”/ Cetrimide
Positive (+) Result: White turbidity

A

Alder Reilly Bodies

48
Q

Found in infections
Found in neutrophils only
Accompanied by Toxic Granulations & Vacuolation

A

Dohle Bodies

49
Q

Found in May-Hegglin Anomaly
Found in all WBCs
Accompanied by giant PLTs (high MPV)

A

May-Hegglin Bodies

50
Q

Remnants of lymphocytes
Found in CLL

A

Smudge Cells

51
Q

Remnants of neutrophils

A

Basket cells

52
Q

Neutrophil with ingested nucleus

53
Q

Monocyte with ingested nucleus

A

Tart Cells

54
Q

Macrophage with crumpled tissue appearance
Found in Gaucher’s Disease = deficiency of beta-glucocerebrosidase

A

Gaucher Cells

55
Q

Macrophage with foamy appearance/bubbles
Found in Niemann-Pick Disease= deficiency of sphingomyelinase

56
Q

Reactive/Variant/Turk’s irritation cells
Found in infectious mononucleosis (caused by Epstein Barr Virus)
Identity: T cells

Polyglonal; Marginates on the surrounding RBCs (adapt to the shape of surrounding RBCs)

A

Atypical Lymphocyte

57
Q

T cell with ceribriform nucleus

A

Sezary Cells

58
Q

Derived from B Cells

A

Hairy Cells

59
Q

Owl-Eye appearance
Found in Hodgkin’s Disease
Macrophages

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

60
Q

PLT diluent particularly for Light Microscope

A

Rees-Ecker Diluent

61
Q

PLT diluent for Phase- Contrast Microscope

A

1% Ammonium Oxalate

62
Q

Screening Test for Primary Hemostasis

A

Bleeding Time (Duke’s Method & Ivy Method)

63
Q

Screening test for Secondary Hemostasis

A

Clotting time

64
Q

Detect deficiency in Common Pathway

A

Stypven Time

65
Q

INTRINSIC PATHWAY

A

F12 (Hageman Factor/Contact Factor);
F11 (PTA/ Anti-hemophilic factor C);
F9 (Christmas Factor/ Anti-hemophilic Factor B);
F8 (Anti-hemophilic Factor A/ PLT Cofactor I)

66
Q

EXTRINSIC PATHWAY

A

F3 (Tissue Factor);
F7 (Stable Factor/Proconvertin)

67
Q

COMMON PATHWAY

A

F10 (Stuart Prower Factor)
F5 (Labile Factor/Proaccelerin)
F2 (Prothrombin)
F1 (Fibrinogen)

68
Q

Attachment of PLTs to the wall of blood vessels

69
Q

Release contents of granules to release PLTs

A

Secretion/Release

70
Q

Attachment of PLTs with each other

A

Aggregation

71
Q

Problem in GPIIb/GPIIIa

A

Glanzmann Thrombasthemia

72
Q

Problem in GPIb

A

Bernard-Soulier Syndrome

73
Q

The stoppage of blood flow

A

Hemostasis

74
Q

Anaerobic glycolytic pathway;
Provide energy for RBCs;
Uses glucose without needing oxygen

A

Embden-Meyerhof Pathway

75
Q

Generated 2, 3 Diphosphoglycerate (2,3 DPG) = facilitates release of oxygen to tissues

A

Rapoport Luebering Pathway

76
Q

Prevents the conversion of hemoglobin into methemoglobin

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway “Hexose Monophosphate Shunt”

77
Q

Converts the methemoglobin back into normal hemoglobin

A

Methemoglobin Reductase Pathway

78
Q

Measure the ability of the RBCs to take up fluid without lysing

A

Erythrocyte Osmotic Fragility Test (EOFT)

79
Q

TEST FOR SICKLE CELLS

Rgt: Sodium Metabisulfite;
(+) Holly Leaf Formation

A

Sickling Test

80
Q

TEST FOR SICKLE CELLS

Rgt: Sodium Dithionite & Saponin
(+) Turbidity; when lines behind tubes are no longer visible

A

Solubility Test

MTAP (3 decks)

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