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Pathology > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

Neme the hierarchy of blood cells (lineage).

A

Top to bottom: Multipotent Stem Cell,

Primitive Progenitor Cell,

Committed Precursor Cell,

Lineage Committed Cell

platelet, erythrocyte, neutrophil, basophil, eosinophil, monocyte, T-cell, B-cell, NK cell

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2
Q

What is the functional stimulus for increased production of EPO?

A

Hypoxia.

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3
Q

Describe the life of an erythrocyte. What are the lifespans of RBC’s in the dog, horse, cat, cow, mice? What are the end products and where do they end up?

A

~5 days in production inside BM. ~2 days maturation in bloodstream from Reticulocyte to mature RBC (except horse - they mature in BM) ~65-140 days in circulation until removed by spleen Mouse: ~43 days Cat: ~70 days Dog: ~120 days Cow: ~130 days Horse: ~145 days Iron back to BM. Bilirubin to liver, then excreted as bile into GIT. Proteins - circulation? excreted?

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4
Q

What is granulopoiesis? Where does it take place? How long does it take?

A

Production and maturation of granulocytes in the BM. 6 days.

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5
Q

What are the pools of neutrophils in the BM? blood? Which pool(s) is/are picked up on blood sampling?

A

Mitotic (proliferating), Maturation (post mitotic), and Storage pools in BM Circulating neutrophil pool. Marginating neutrophil pool. only circulating pool picked up on sampling.

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6
Q

MCV?

A

Mean Cell Volume

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7
Q

MCHC?

A

Mean Cellular Hemoglobin Concentration

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8
Q

RDW?

A

Red Cell Distribution Width

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9
Q

Normoblasts?

A

Nucleated RBC’s

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10
Q

Where are the hematopoetic tissues in the fetus? Adult?

A

Fetus: yolk sac, liver, spleen, bone marrow Adult: Bone marrow

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11
Q

Name this cell

A

Neutrophil

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12
Q

Name this cell

A

monocyte

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13
Q

Name this cell

A

lymphocyte

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14
Q

Name this cell

A

eosinophil

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15
Q

Name this cell

A

basophil

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16
Q

List the cell lineage of erythropoiesis. ID the first recognizable cell. What is the first cell to be lacking a nucleus? Which cells belong to the proliferating mitotic pool? Which cells belong to the post-mitotic pool?

A
  1. Multipotent Stem Cell
  2. Unipotent Stem Cell
  3. Rubriblast
  4. Prorubricyte
  5. Rubriyte
  6. Metarubricyte
  7. Reticulocyte
  8. Erythrocyte

First recognizable cell is the Rubriblast / pro-erythroblast.

First cell lacking a nucleus is the Reticulocyte

Proliferating Mitotic Pool - early cells: Multipotent to Rubricyte

Post-mitotic Pool - Metarubricyte to Erythrocyte

17
Q

Do horses release immature RBCs?

Is Rouleaux formation a sign of dz or normal?

A

No.

Can be a normal finding.

18
Q

List the cell lineage for granulopoiesis.

What is the first recognizable cell?

What is the first cell that allows differentiation of lineage? How is it possible to differentiate?

Which cells belong to the proliferating mitotic pool? Maturational post-mitotic pool? Storage pool?

A
  1. Multipotent stem cell
  2. Unipotent stem cell
  3. Myelobblast
  4. Promyelocyte
  5. Myelocyte
  6. Metamyelocyte
  7. Band Neutrophil
  8. Mature Neutrophil

First recognizable cell is the myeloblast.

Diff of cell lineage - Myelocyte. Based on specific granulation.

Proliferating mitotic pool - Multipotent stem cell to Myelocyte

Maturational post-mitotic pool - Metamyelocyte to Band Neutrophil

Storage pool - mature neutrophil

19
Q

What is different about a rabbits hematolgy?

A

They have more reticulocytes than a dog/cat. Their RBCs have a shorter lifespan.

20
Q

Reference intervals?

A

Describes the range of results expected for a healthy population of animals.

Central 95% of population.

Specific for instrument, lab, animal spp.

21
Q

Why is a smear report important?

A

verification of the analyzers findings

ID artifacts like platelet clumping, cell lysis

ID morphological changes, abnormal cells, parasites.

22
Q

What are some clinical features of Acute Anemia?

A
  • Pallor/pale MM
  • Tachycardia
  • Muscular Weakness
  • Subnormal Temp
  • Coma
  • Death
23
Q

What are some clinical features of Chronic Anemia?

A
  • Fatigue/lethargy
  • Exercise Intolerance
  • Tachycardia
  • Fainting
  • Pallor
  • Cardiac Murmor (hypoviscous blood = increased turbulance)
24
Q

What are the two broad categories of anemia?

A
  1. Non-regenerative - decreased production of RBCs
  2. Regenerative - increased loss of RBCs
25
Q

Non-regenerative Anemia has two broad classifications. Name them and their common causes.

A
  1. Primary BM disorder - cellularity of BM is reduced.
  • aplastic - multiple cell lines affected (idiopathic, drugs/chem, radiation, infectious agents)
  • pure red cell aplasia - only red cells affected (imm-mediated, infectious, vax related, EPO replacement therapy)
  1. Secondary BM disorder -
  • Nutritional deficiencies - iron deficiency
  • Inflammatory - cytokines lead to lack of EPO production or attack BM cells directly. Infection, malignancy
  • Renal dz - reduced EPO levels. Uremic toxins (toxic to RBC production and RBC lifespan)
26
Q

Name the two types of Regenerative Anemia.

Further categorize these two.

A
  1. Hemorrhagic
  2. Hemolytic
  3. Hemorrhagic - loss of RBCs
  • Internal
  • External
  1. Hemolytic - increased destruction of RBCs
  • Intravascular
  • Extravascular
27
Q

How can you tell if anemia is regenerative?

A
  • Presence of Macrocytic Hypochromic cells - reticulocytes or polychromasia (variation in RBC coloration), anisocytosis (variation in RBC size), Howell-Jolly bodies (nuclear remnants), thrombocytosis, neutrophilia (increased numbers of platelets and neutrophils).
  • Basophilic stippling in cattle (Babesiosis)
28
Q

Is internal or external hemorrhagic anemia better in terms of response?

Why?

What are some common causes of hemorrhage?

A
  • Internal - the iron can be reused so there is a better BM response
  • Acute after accident or sx procedure
  • Chronic - bleeding ulcer, neoplasm or parasites
  • Coagulopathies - rat bait ingestion
29
Q

What are two important features of hemolytic anemia?

A
  • Reduced RBC survival time.
  • Iron from destroyed erythrocytes is retained in the body = can be reused = faster BM response.

Pathology (6 decks)

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