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Pathophysiology - Test 2 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

0
Q

What is hematopoesis?

A

Formation of blood cells - bone marrow of vertebra, long bones, sternum, skull, ribs, and pelvis

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1
Q

What are the three types of liquid tumors?

A
  1. Hematopoesis
  2. Leukemia
  3. Lymphona - Hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s
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2
Q

What are the two things a stem cell can branch into?

A
  1. Lymphoid stem cell –> lymphocytes

2. Myeloid progenitor –> granulocytes

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3
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes and what do they do?

A
  1. T cells - attack cells
  2. B cells - produce antibodies and memory cells
  3. Natural killer cells - attack cells
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4
Q

What are the five types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
  4. Mast cell
  5. Monocyte
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5
Q

What are the two types of monocytes and what do they do?

A
  1. Dendritic cell

2. Macrophage - first line of defense (non-specific)

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6
Q

What are the diagnostic tools for hematopoesis?

A

Bone marrow biopsy, cellular markers, CT scan, and CBC

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7
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic cells

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8
Q

What are the two types of leukemia and what cells do they attack?

A
  1. Acute - earlier cells

2. Chronic - mature cells

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9
Q

What sex is more likely to develop leukemia?

A

Males

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10
Q

What are causes for leukemia?

A

Genetics and environment (radiation and benzene)

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11
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

Abnormal production of immature myelocytes or granulocytes

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12
Q

How long does AML occur?

A

1-6 months (fatal 3-6 months if left untreated)

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13
Q

What are signs of AML?

A

Recurrent infections, fevers, malaise, low platelets, bone pain, and bruises

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of acute leukemia in each population?

A

Adults - 20%

Children - 80% (peak 2-4 years old)

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15
Q

What is CML?

A

Rapid proliferation of cells that are abnormal

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16
Q

What population does chronic leukemia effect?

A

Middle aged adults - peak 40 years

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17
Q

What is unique about chronic leukemia?

A

85% have Philadelphia chromosome - translocation of 22 and 9

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18
Q

What are signs of chronic leukemia?

A

Weight loss and fatigue

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19
Q

What is treatment for chronic leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant

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20
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer that begins in the lymphatic tissues and spread to bone marrow

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21
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A
  1. Hodgkin’s

2. Non-hodgkin’s

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22
Q

What cells does lymphoma effect?

A

B or T cells

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23
Q

What population is effected by Hodgkin’s?

A

18-35 years

24
Q

What is the ratio of males to females for Hodgkin’s?

A

3:2 males to females

25
Q

What is a main characteristic of Hodgkin’s?

A

Reed-Sternberg cell

26
Q

What are symptoms of Hodgkin’s?

A

Huge lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss

27
Q

What is the prognosis for Hodgkin’s?

A

100% cure rate if caught early

28
Q

What population is effected by non-Hodgkin’s?

29
Q

What are symptoms of non-Hodgkin’s?

A

Fever, weight loss, night sweat, huge lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and bowel symptoms

30
Q

What is treatment for liquid tumors?

A

Chemotherapy (induction, conditioning, and maintenance) and bone marrow transplant

31
Q

What does alogenic refer to?

A

Type of bone marrow transplant when marrow from someone else can lead to graft vs. host disease

32
Q

What is screening for cancer?

A

CAUTION

C - change in bowel or bladder habits
A - a sore or bruise that does not heal
U - unusual bleeding or discharge
T - thickening or lump
I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O - obvious change in mole/wart
N - nagging cough or hoarseness
S - systemic issues
33
Q

What are the three disorders of erthyrocytes?

A
  1. Anemias
  2. Hemophilia
  3. Sickle cell disease
34
Q

What RBC do anemia’s portray?

A

<12g/100mL (women)

35
Q

Is anemia a symptom or a condition?

36
Q

What can cause secondary anemia?

A

Kidney disease

37
Q

What are signs of anemia?

A

Weakness,DOE, yellowing skin, tachycardia, and angina

38
Q

What are some nutritional deficits affecting anemia?

A

Folic acid, iron, and B12

39
Q

How is anemia diagnosed?

40
Q

What is treatment for anemia?

A

Treat cause: cancer, chronic disease, diet, and blood transfusion

41
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Sex-linked autosomal recessive trait

42
Q

Is hemophilia a condition or a symptom?

43
Q

What sex is more likely to develop hemophilia?

44
Q

What is the most common type of hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia A - lack of clotting factor VIII (X chromosome) that produces thrombin

45
Q

How is hemophilia classified?

A

% of clotting factor:

Normal - 50-100%
Mild - 6-30%
Moderate - 1-5%
Severe - <1%

46
Q

What are the three grades of hemophilia?

A

Mild, moderate, and severe

47
Q

What are signs and symptoms of hemophilia?

A

Excessive bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and hematoma

48
Q

What can hemophilia cause?

A

Muscle hemorrhage (flexors) causing warmth, swelling, loss of ROM, and numbness

49
Q

How is hemophilia diagnosed?

A

CBC, assessment of clotting factor, PTT, and DNA test

50
Q

What is the treatment for hemophilia?

A

No known cure..

Treatment: factor replacement therapy and PT to strengthen and protect joints

51
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

Autosomal recessive disorder of hemoglobin - biconcave shape changes to a sickle shape when it releases O2

52
Q

What ethnicity is sickle cell disease more common in?

A

African Americans

53
Q

What can sickle cell disease cause?

A

Anemia and ischemia

54
Q

Is the lifespan of a sickle cell longer or shorter than normal?

A

Shorter: 8-10 days in comparison to 120 days

55
Q

What are factors of the sickle cell crisis?

A

Physiologic stress, high altitude, anesthesia, pregnancy, fever, and trauma

56
Q

What are signs of sickle cell disease?

A

Pain, acute chest syndrome, CVA, thrombotic events in lungs, and hand-foot syndrome

57
Q

How is sickle cell anemia diagnosed?

A

Prenatal genetic testing, bone marrow transplant, and newborn screens

58
Q

What is the treatment for sickle cell disease?

A

Rest, pain meds, oxygen, antibiotics, blood transfusion, and hydroxyurea

Pathophysiology - Test 2 (4 decks)

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