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Pathophysiology - Test 2 > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

0
Q

What is hematopoesis?

A

Formation of blood cells - bone marrow of vertebra, long bones, sternum, skull, ribs, and pelvis

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1
Q

What are the three types of liquid tumors?

A
  1. Hematopoesis
  2. Leukemia
  3. Lymphona - Hodgkin’s and non-hodgkin’s
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2
Q

What are the two things a stem cell can branch into?

A
  1. Lymphoid stem cell –> lymphocytes

2. Myeloid progenitor –> granulocytes

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3
Q

What are the three types of lymphocytes and what do they do?

A
  1. T cells - attack cells
  2. B cells - produce antibodies and memory cells
  3. Natural killer cells - attack cells
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4
Q

What are the five types of granulocytes?

A
  1. Neutrophil
  2. Eosinophil
  3. Basophil
  4. Mast cell
  5. Monocyte
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5
Q

What are the two types of monocytes and what do they do?

A
  1. Dendritic cell

2. Macrophage - first line of defense (non-specific)

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6
Q

What are the diagnostic tools for hematopoesis?

A

Bone marrow biopsy, cellular markers, CT scan, and CBC

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7
Q

What is leukemia?

A

Abnormal proliferation of hematopoietic cells

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8
Q

What are the two types of leukemia and what cells do they attack?

A
  1. Acute - earlier cells

2. Chronic - mature cells

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9
Q

What sex is more likely to develop leukemia?

A

Males

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10
Q

What are causes for leukemia?

A

Genetics and environment (radiation and benzene)

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11
Q

What is acute leukemia?

A

Abnormal production of immature myelocytes or granulocytes

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12
Q

How long does AML occur?

A

1-6 months (fatal 3-6 months if left untreated)

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13
Q

What are signs of AML?

A

Recurrent infections, fevers, malaise, low platelets, bone pain, and bruises

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14
Q

What is the prevalence of acute leukemia in each population?

A

Adults - 20%

Children - 80% (peak 2-4 years old)

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15
Q

What is CML?

A

Rapid proliferation of cells that are abnormal

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16
Q

What population does chronic leukemia effect?

A

Middle aged adults - peak 40 years

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17
Q

What is unique about chronic leukemia?

A

85% have Philadelphia chromosome - translocation of 22 and 9

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18
Q

What are signs of chronic leukemia?

A

Weight loss and fatigue

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19
Q

What is treatment for chronic leukemia?

A

Chemotherapy and bone marrow transplant

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20
Q

What is lymphoma?

A

Cancer that begins in the lymphatic tissues and spread to bone marrow

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21
Q

What are the two types of lymphoma?

A
  1. Hodgkin’s

2. Non-hodgkin’s

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22
Q

What cells does lymphoma effect?

A

B or T cells

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23
Q

What population is effected by Hodgkin’s?

A

18-35 years

24
What is the ratio of males to females for Hodgkin's?
3:2 males to females
25
What is a main characteristic of Hodgkin's?
Reed-Sternberg cell
26
What are symptoms of Hodgkin's?
Huge lymph nodes, fever, night sweats, and weight loss
27
What is the prognosis for Hodgkin's?
100% cure rate if caught early
28
What population is effected by non-Hodgkin's?
Age 50
29
What are symptoms of non-Hodgkin's?
Fever, weight loss, night sweat, huge lymph nodes, abdominal pain, and bowel symptoms
30
What is treatment for liquid tumors?
Chemotherapy (induction, conditioning, and maintenance) and bone marrow transplant
31
What does alogenic refer to?
Type of bone marrow transplant when marrow from someone else can lead to graft vs. host disease
32
What is screening for cancer?
CAUTION ``` C - change in bowel or bladder habits A - a sore or bruise that does not heal U - unusual bleeding or discharge T - thickening or lump I - indigestion or difficulty swallowing O - obvious change in mole/wart N - nagging cough or hoarseness S - systemic issues ```
33
What are the three disorders of erthyrocytes?
1. Anemias 2. Hemophilia 3. Sickle cell disease
34
What RBC do anemia's portray?
<12g/100mL (women)
35
Is anemia a symptom or a condition?
Symptom
36
What can cause secondary anemia?
Kidney disease
37
What are signs of anemia?
Weakness,DOE, yellowing skin, tachycardia, and angina
38
What are some nutritional deficits affecting anemia?
Folic acid, iron, and B12
39
How is anemia diagnosed?
CBC
40
What is treatment for anemia?
Treat cause: cancer, chronic disease, diet, and blood transfusion
41
What is hemophilia?
Sex-linked autosomal recessive trait
42
Is hemophilia a condition or a symptom?
Condition
43
What sex is more likely to develop hemophilia?
Men
44
What is the most common type of hemophilia?
Hemophilia A - lack of clotting factor VIII (X chromosome) that produces thrombin
45
How is hemophilia classified?
% of clotting factor: Normal - 50-100% Mild - 6-30% Moderate - 1-5% Severe - <1%
46
What are the three grades of hemophilia?
Mild, moderate, and severe
47
What are signs and symptoms of hemophilia?
Excessive bleeding, intracranial bleeding, and hematoma
48
What can hemophilia cause?
Muscle hemorrhage (flexors) causing warmth, swelling, loss of ROM, and numbness
49
How is hemophilia diagnosed?
CBC, assessment of clotting factor, PTT, and DNA test
50
What is the treatment for hemophilia?
No known cure.. Treatment: factor replacement therapy and PT to strengthen and protect joints
51
What is sickle cell disease?
Autosomal recessive disorder of hemoglobin - biconcave shape changes to a sickle shape when it releases O2
52
What ethnicity is sickle cell disease more common in?
African Americans
53
What can sickle cell disease cause?
Anemia and ischemia
54
Is the lifespan of a sickle cell longer or shorter than normal?
Shorter: 8-10 days in comparison to 120 days
55
What are factors of the sickle cell crisis?
Physiologic stress, high altitude, anesthesia, pregnancy, fever, and trauma
56
What are signs of sickle cell disease?
Pain, acute chest syndrome, CVA, thrombotic events in lungs, and hand-foot syndrome
57
How is sickle cell anemia diagnosed?
Prenatal genetic testing, bone marrow transplant, and newborn screens
58
What is the treatment for sickle cell disease?
Rest, pain meds, oxygen, antibiotics, blood transfusion, and hydroxyurea

Pathophysiology - Test 2 (4 decks)

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