Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Con't

Question 0

What are chronic changes associated with occlusive disease?

Answer 0

Thickening of nail beds, drying of skin, loss of hair on feet and toes, muscle atrophy, and diminished strength and sensation

Question 1

What are signs and symptoms of PAD?

Answer 1

Pain or ache with walking (intermittent claudication), diminished pulses, and cool limb

Question 2

What can occlusive disease lead to?

Answer 2

Critical limb ischemia, gangrene, pain, and amputation

Question 3

How is PAD diagnosed?

Answer 3

ABI - ankle brachial index

Question 4

How is ABI measured?

Answer 4

Systolic blood pressure in ankle divided by systolic blood pressure in arm

Question 5

What are the values for ABI?

Answer 5

1-1.29 - normal
.91-.99 - borderline
.41-.90 - mild-moderate
0-0.4 - severe

Question 6

How is PAD treated?

Answer 6

Progressive exercise, foot care, angioplasty, bypass surgery, and amputation

Question 7

What is an aneurysm?

Answer 7

Out-pocketing (weakening) of the arterial wall due to congenital malformation and longstanding HTN

Question 8

Is an aneurysm symptomatic or asymptomatic?

Answer 8

Usually asymptomatic

Question 9

What are possible symptoms of an aneurysm?

Answer 9

Rupture, back pain, head pain, and palpable out-pocketing in LE

Question 10

What is the treatment for an aneurysm?

Answer 10

Monitor size and location and grafting

Question 11

What is DVT?

Answer 11

Blood clot in the venous system

Question 12

What are the three factors of Virchow’s Triad?

Answer 12

1. Blood flow not circulating –> paralysis
2. Physical trauma
3. Cancer

Question 13

What are risk factors for thromboembolic disease?

Answer 13

Dehydration, malignancy, surgery or trauma, BC pills, pregnancy, obesity, and transatlantic flight

Question 14

Is DVT asymptomatic or symptomatic?

Answer 14

May be asymptomatic

Question 15

What are signs of DVT?

Answer 15

Unilateral swelling, pain, erythema, and warmth

Question 16

What is treatment for DVT?

Answer 16

Anticoagulants and filters (IVC filter - prevents clot from moving),

Question 17

Where is the highest prevalence of DVT?

Answer 17

Hip region

Question 18

What is the prevention for DVT?

Answer 18

Mobility and compression stocking/pumps

Question 19

What is a disorder of pulmonary vasculature?

Answer 19

PE - pulmonary embolus

Question 20

What is a PE?

Answer 20

Blood clot in the pulmonary artery

Question 21

What are the risk factors for PE?

Answer 21

Virchow’s Triad, age >60, cigarettes, obesity, and indwelling catheters

Question 22

When a DVT travels, what is it referred to as?

Answer 22

Embolus

Question 23

If a DVT travels to the lungs, what is it referred to as?

Answer 23

Pulmonary embolus

Question 24

What is the prognosis of PE?

Answer 24

10% die within 1 hour - depends on size of clot

Question 25

What are symptoms of PE?

Answer 25

Chest wall tightness, shoulder pain, hemoptysis (throwing up blood), and dyspnea

Question 26

What are the three tests used for PE?

Answer 26

Doppler test, V/Q scan, and CT chest

Question 27

What are treatments for PE?

Answer 27

Anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, compression garments, oxygen, and mobility

Question 28

What is congenital heart disease (CHD)?

Answer 28

Heart defects that occur in-utero (1st trimester)

Question 29

What are the two main types of CHD?

Answer 29

1. Cyanotic - effects O2 levels | 2. Acyanotic - does not effect O2 levels

Question 30

What is the etiology of CHD?

Answer 30

Genetics, maternal alcohol consumption, maternal diabetes, viruses, hypoxemia, and prematurity

Question 31

What are cyanotic and acyanotic defects with CHD?

Answer 31

Cyanotic - blood flow to lungs is impaired | Acyanotic - blood flow from left side of the heart to right side (skips lungs)

Question 32

What are the four acyanotic defects of CHD?

Answer 32

1. Ventricular septal defect (VSD) 2. Atrial septal defect (ASD) 3. Coarctation of aorta 4. Patent Ductus Ateriosis (PDA)

Question 33

What is PDA?

Answer 33

Blood that is supposed to be picking up O2 is bypassing the lungs because the blood travels from the aorta back to the pulmonary artery

Question 34

What are signs/symptoms of CHD?

Answer 34

Respiratory distress, cyanosis, wheezing, failure to thrive, signs of heart failure, and SOB

Question 35

What is the diagnosis for CHD?

Answer 35

Prenatal screening, ultrasound, and echocardiogram

Question 36

What are the PT implications for CHD?

Answer 36

PT's need to assess activity tolerance, breathing patterns, HR, posture, and developmental milestones