Cardiovascular Pathophysiology Con't Flashcards
What are chronic changes associated with occlusive disease?
Thickening of nail beds, drying of skin, loss of hair on feet and toes, muscle atrophy, and diminished strength and sensation
What are signs and symptoms of PAD?
Pain or ache with walking (intermittent claudication), diminished pulses, and cool limb
What can occlusive disease lead to?
Critical limb ischemia, gangrene, pain, and amputation
How is PAD diagnosed?
ABI - ankle brachial index
How is ABI measured?
Systolic blood pressure in ankle divided by systolic blood pressure in arm
What are the values for ABI?
1-1.29 - normal
.91-.99 - borderline
.41-.90 - mild-moderate
0-0.4 - severe
How is PAD treated?
Progressive exercise, foot care, angioplasty, bypass surgery, and amputation
What is an aneurysm?
Out-pocketing (weakening) of the arterial wall due to congenital malformation and longstanding HTN
Is an aneurysm symptomatic or asymptomatic?
Usually asymptomatic
What are possible symptoms of an aneurysm?
Rupture, back pain, head pain, and palpable out-pocketing in LE
What is the treatment for an aneurysm?
Monitor size and location and grafting
What is DVT?
Blood clot in the venous system
What are the three factors of Virchow’s Triad?
- Blood flow not circulating –> paralysis
- Physical trauma
- Cancer
What are risk factors for thromboembolic disease?
Dehydration, malignancy, surgery or trauma, BC pills, pregnancy, obesity, and transatlantic flight
Is DVT asymptomatic or symptomatic?
May be asymptomatic
What are signs of DVT?
Unilateral swelling, pain, erythema, and warmth
What is treatment for DVT?
Anticoagulants and filters (IVC filter - prevents clot from moving),
Where is the highest prevalence of DVT?
Hip region
What is the prevention for DVT?
Mobility and compression stocking/pumps
What is a disorder of pulmonary vasculature?
PE - pulmonary embolus
What is a PE?
Blood clot in the pulmonary artery
What are the risk factors for PE?
Virchow’s Triad, age >60, cigarettes, obesity, and indwelling catheters
When a DVT travels, what is it referred to as?
Embolus
If a DVT travels to the lungs, what is it referred to as?
Pulmonary embolus
What is the prognosis of PE?
10% die within 1 hour - depends on size of clot
What are symptoms of PE?
Chest wall tightness, shoulder pain, hemoptysis (throwing up blood), and dyspnea
What are the three tests used for PE?
Doppler test, V/Q scan, and CT chest
What are treatments for PE?
Anticoagulants, fibrinolytics, compression garments, oxygen, and mobility
What is congenital heart disease (CHD)?
Heart defects that occur in-utero (1st trimester)
What are the two main types of CHD?
- Cyanotic - effects O2 levels
2. Acyanotic - does not effect O2 levels
What is the etiology of CHD?
Genetics, maternal alcohol consumption, maternal diabetes, viruses, hypoxemia, and prematurity
What are cyanotic and acyanotic defects with CHD?
Cyanotic - blood flow to lungs is impaired
Acyanotic - blood flow from left side of the heart to right side (skips lungs)
What are the four acyanotic defects of CHD?
- Ventricular septal defect (VSD)
- Atrial septal defect (ASD)
- Coarctation of aorta
- Patent Ductus Ateriosis (PDA)
What is PDA?
Blood that is supposed to be picking up O2 is bypassing the lungs because the blood travels from the aorta back to the pulmonary artery
What are signs/symptoms of CHD?
Respiratory distress, cyanosis, wheezing, failure to thrive, signs of heart failure, and SOB
What is the diagnosis for CHD?
Prenatal screening, ultrasound, and echocardiogram
What are the PT implications for CHD?
PT’s need to assess activity tolerance, breathing patterns, HR, posture, and developmental milestones
