Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical Lab > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the cellular components of whole blood?

A
  • Erythrocytes (red blood cells)
  • Leukocytes (white blood cells)
  • Thrombocytes (platelets)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the 3 components in blood EDTA tube after it is centrifuged?

A
  • Plasma (contains water, protein and other solutes)
  • Buffy coat (contains leukocytes, platelets)
  • Hematocrit (contains red blood cells)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is pancytopenia and what can it indicate?

A
  • decrease of all kind of blood cells from all cell lines (red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets), indicates bone marrow disorder
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is anemia?

A
  • decrease in red blood cells and its parameters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is polycythemia?

A
  • increase in red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the difference between leukopenia vs leukocytosis?

A
  • leukopenia is decrease in white blood cells

- leukocytosis is increase in white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is neutropenia?

A
  • decrease in neutrophils
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is leukemoid reaction?

A

-benign/temporary leukocytosis (increase in WBC) due to infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the difference between thrombocytosis and thrombocytopenia?

A
  • thrombocytosis is increase in platelets

- thrombocytopenia is decrease in platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is hematopoiesis?

A
  • production of all blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A
  • production of red blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is leukopoiesis?

A
  • production of white blood cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is thromopoiesis?

A
  • production of platelets
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is lymphopoiesis?

A
  • production of lymphocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is medullary myeloid hematopoiesis?

A
  • production of myeloid blood cells in the bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is extra medullary hematopoiesis?

A
  • production of blood cells outside of bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does hematopoietic pluripotent stem cell differentiate into?

A
  • myeloid and lymphoid lineage
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is reticulocyte?

A
  • immature red blood cell that can be seen in peripheral blood
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are blast cells?

A
  • also known as myeloblasts, are most immature cells of the myeloid cell lineage that form WBC and should be found in bone marrow. If found in peripheral blood, shows concern for cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How are platelets formed?

A
  • platelets are formed from fragments of megakaryocytes (MKC should never be seen in peripheral circulation)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where do T, B and NK cells mature?

A
  • T cells mature in thymus
  • B cells mature in bone marrow
  • Natural killer cells mature in bone marrow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What lymphocytes are responsible for cellular vs humoral immunity?

A
  • T cells are responsible for cellular immunity (by cytotoxic T cells, works inside infected cell through lysis)
  • B cells are responsible for humoral immunity (by b cells producing antibodies against the pathogen outside the cell)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What hormone stimulates erythropoiesis and where is this hormone produced?

A
  • erythropoietin stimulates erythropoiesis and is produced in the kidney.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Why do erythrocytes have concave shape?

A
  • to increase surface area for easier gas exchange

- to increase flexibility of the cell to travel in narrow blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the components of red blood cell?

A
  • 4 Heme (containing iron)

- 4 globin group

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is ferritin?

A
  • storage form of iron
27
Q

What is bilirubin?

A
  • breakdown product of red blood cells, specifically of heme
28
Q

What is the process for RBC breakdown?

A
  • after 120 days, red blood cells are destroyed by macrophages which produces bilirubin which is then taken up by liver and excreted through GI as stool.
29
Q

What is the purpose of leukocyte?

A
  • fight infection and remove debris
30
Q

What are the 5 leukocytes?

A
  • Neutrophil (granulocyte) bacterial infection
  • Eosinophil (granulocyte) allergic reaction
  • basophil (granulocyte) allergic reaction related to (leukemia/cancer)
  • lymphocyte (agranulocyte) viral infection
  • monocyte (agranulocyte) inflammatory response
31
Q

What is the normal value of thrombocytes and what values are considered mild, or severe thrombocytopenia?

A
  • Normal range is 150,000-400,000
  • thrombocytopenia is anything less than 150,000
  • mild thrombocytopenia = 50,000 - 100,000
  • severe thrombocytopenia = anything less than 50,000
32
Q

What is CBC and when is it ordered?

A
  • complete blood count (evaluates blood cells in the body, usually collected in PTT with EDTA as anticoagulant)
  • ordered for concern of infection, bleeding, anemia, heart disease, fatigue etc.
33
Q

What does CBC measure?

A
  • red blood count
  • white blood count
  • platelet count
  • hemoglobin
  • hematocrit (H&H = hemoglobin x 3 hematocrits), low H&H indicates bleeding and not making enough blood cells.
34
Q

What is MCV, MCH, MCHC, MPV, and RDW?

A 
MCV= mean corpuscular volume (size)
MCH= mean content of hemoglobin per RBC
MCHC= mean content of total hemoglobin 
RDW= variation in size
MPV= average size of platelet
35
Q

What is the normal value of hemoglobin(hgb) and hematocrit(hct)?

A
  • Hemoglobin = 14-18 for M, 12-16 for F

- hematocrit = 42-50% for M, 36-44% for F due to menstrual cycle

36
Q

What is the normal range of red blood cells?

A
  1. 5 - 5.9x10^6 for M

4. 0 - 5.1x10^6 for F

37
Q

What are the normal ranges for MCV, MCH, MCHC?

A 
MCV(size) = 80-100
MCH = 27-34
MCHC = 33- 35
38
Q

What are the normal ranges for WBC?

A

5 - 10 x10^3

39
Q

What is the normal value for platelets?

A

150 - 400 x10^3

40
Q

What is the normal value of neutrophils, and mild, moderate and severe values of neutropenia?

A

normal value = 2500-7500 (54-62%)
mild neutropenia = ANC between 1000-1500
moderate neutropenia = ANC between 500 - 1000
Severe neutropenia = ANC less than 500

41
Q

What is the normal range of lymphocyte?

A

25-33% (1500-3500)

42
Q

What is the normal range of monocytes?

A

3-7% (200-800)

43
Q

What is the normal range of eosinophil and basophil?

A 
eosinophil = 1-3% (60-600)
basophil = less than 1% (less than 100)
44
Q

How to calculate ANC?

A

absolute neutrophil count = WBC x % of neutrophils

45
Q

What does CBC blood smear tell us?

A
  • size and count of platelets
  • RBC size and shape
  • WBC differential
46
Q

What is howell jolly body cell?

A

red blood cell with piece of nucleus still in it after leaving spleen (immature)

47
Q

What are the 4 ways to order CBC?

A
  • CBC
  • CBC with diff
  • CBC with manual diff
  • CBC without diff
48
Q

What is the morphology of spherocytes and what can it indicate?

A
  • small, round, no center pallor, no biconcave shape

- can be indicative of hemolytic anemia and is hereditary

49
Q

What is the morphology of schistocytes and what can it indicate?

A
  • rbc fragments

- can be indicative of microangiopathic hemolytic anemia

50
Q

What is the morphology of microcytes and what can it indicate?

A
  • small biconcave with some pallor

- can be indicative of iron deficiency anemia or thalassemia

51
Q

What is the morphology of ovalocytes and what can it indicate?

A
  • football/oral shaped

- can be indicative of megaloblastic or B12 anemia or some inherited disorders

52
Q

What is the morphology of tear drop cells and what can it indicate?

A
  • tear drop shape

- could be indicative of bone marrow crowding/hyperplasia (too many cells grown in bone marrow)

53
Q

What is megaloblastic anemia?

A
  • rbc is much bigger, segmented nuclei lobes in neutrophils
    (MCV > 110-115 fL)
  • could be due to b12 or folic acid deficiency
  • hemoglobin synthesis normal
  • could be indicative of erythroid hyperplasia
54
Q

What is the difference between chronic and acute leukemia?

A
  • chronic leukemia: slower growing, WBC constantly in high teens (14-19), more mature cells. At any point chronic can develop into acute
  • acute leukemia: more rapid cell reproduction, WBC values really high in 80-100s, more immature cells
55
Q

What are the different types of leukemia?

A
  • ALL (acute lymphocytic leukemia) mostly occur in children
  • AML (acute myelocytic leukemia) mostly in adults middle age
  • CML (chronic myelocytic leukemia) in older age
  • CLL (chronic lymphocytic leukemia) older age
56
Q

What are the indications for bone marrow examination?

A
  • patient specific determination
  • pancytopenia
  • abnormal cells in circulation
57
Q

What is the most common site for bone marrow aspiration?

A
  • posterior superior iliac crest and spine
58
Q

What is the normal reticulocyte count and index? What does low count of reticulocyte tell us?

A
  • reticulocyte count (0.5-2%)
  • reticulocyte index (2.0 3.0)
  • reticulocyte index is more accurate because it takes into account the anemia involved
  • low reticulocytes = bone marrow production issue
59
Q

What is the erythrocyte sedimentation rate?

A
  • marker for inflammation

- c-reactive protein/test is a more reliable marker for inflammation

60
Q

What is the compensation mechanism for anemia?

A
  • increasing cardiac output
  • increasing erythropoietin
  • increase in DPG
61
Q

What causes the oxygen binding curve/graph to shift right?

A

(lower affinity to oxygen)

  • anemia
  • increased co2
  • acidosis
  • elevated temp
62
Q

What causes the oxygen binding curve/graph to shift left?

A

(higher affinity to oxygen)

  • polycythemia
  • alkalosis
  • decreased co2
  • hypothermia
  • hemoglobin F
63
Q

What are the symptoms of anemia?

A
  • fatigue/dizziness/weakness
  • syncope
  • pallor
  • jaundice
  • dyspnea
  • palpitations/chest pain/MI
  • asymptomatic

Clinical Lab (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions