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Healthcare Of Children > Hematological Alterations > Flashcards

Hematological Alterations Flashcards

1
Q

What is the cellular portion of blood?

A

Erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes

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2
Q

What is in plasma?

A

Proteins, electrolytes, clotting factors, antibodies, and anticoagulants

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3
Q

What is the process of making red blood cells?

A

Erythropoiesis

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4
Q

What is the primary function of blood?

A

To transport oxygen to tissue and carry carbon dioxide to the lungs

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5
Q

What part of blood actually carries oxygen?

A

Hemoglobin

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6
Q

What is the precursor to red blood cells?

A

Reticulocytes

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7
Q

How long do red blood cells live, and what destroys them?

A

120 days, Spleen

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8
Q

What disease is the reduction of red blood cells?

A

Anemia

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9
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

Higher than average red blood cells

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10
Q

What causes polycythemia?

A

Any condition the decreases quantity of oxygen transport to tissue

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11
Q

What complications can arise from polycythemia?

A

Increase blood viscosity which can lead to cerebral vascular accidents

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12
Q

Do newborns have naturally occurring anemia or polycythemia?

A

Polycythemia

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13
Q

Where are leukocyte a formed?

A

In the bone marrow and lymph tissue

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14
Q

Leukocytes are elevated in the presence of what?

A

Infection

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15
Q

What are the five types of leukocytes?

A

Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, lymphocytes

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16
Q

What do you neutrophils do?

A

Phagocytosis

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17
Q

What do eosinophils do?

A

Act in an allergic reaction

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18
Q

What do basophils do?

A

Act in inflammatory reactions

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19
Q

What do monocytes do?

A

Phagocytosis and antigen processing

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20
Q

What do lymphocytes do?

A

Act in immunity

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21
Q

What is a differential blood count?

A

Indicates the percentage of each type of leukocytes present in the blood

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22
Q

What is leukopenia

A

A decrease in white blood cells

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23
Q

Leukopenia is caused by what

A

Immune disorders, bone marrow disorders, viral infections

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24
Q

Thrombocytes are what?

A

Cell fragments that form hemostatic plugs to aid in coagulation processes

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25
Q

What is thrombocytopenia?

A

A deficiency of platelets which can lead to bleeding disorders

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26
Q

What is anemia?

A

A reduction in the number of red blood cells, quantity of hemoglobin, and volume of packed red blood cells to below normal levels

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27
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

To transport the hormones and oxygen, regulate body temperature, provide cellular nutrition, act as a defense against foreign antigens

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28
Q

What are the causes of anemia?

A

Increased loss or destruction of existing red blood cells, decreased rate of red cell production, or manifestations of an underlying disorder

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29
Q

What is the most common type of anemia?

A

Iron deficiency anemia

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30
Q

Iron is needed for what?

A

Hemoglobin production

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31
Q

Not enough iron decreases what?

A

The production of red blood cells

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32
Q

What are the causes of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Blood loss, malabsorption or poor nutritional intake, increased internal demands or rapid growth

33
Q

How long does maternal iron stores last?

A

Usually 4 to 6 months

34
Q

Who are at risk for anemia?

A

Infants older than six months who are exclusively breast-fed, infants given cows milk before one year, children with chronic blood loss

35
Q

What are the results of in adequate iron supply?

A

Red blood cells are smaller, number of red blood cells are produced, quantity of hemoglobin is reduced, oxygen carrying capacity as of blood is decreased

36
Q

What are signs and symptoms of iron deficiency anemia?

A

Pallor, fatigue, irritability, growth retardation, mental delays

37
Q

How is iron deficiency anemia diagnosed?

A

Through clinical presentation and lab studies

38
Q

When is screening done for iron deficiency anemia?

A

At 9 to 12 months, 15 to 18 months for second screening, 2 to 3 years for follow up screening, and in adolescents

39
Q

What are some dietary management teaching for iron deficiency anemia?

A

Eat foods rich in iron, iron fortified formula or baby cereal, restripped milk intake to ensure adequate intake, take iron rich foods with vitamin C

40
Q

What are some nursing interventions for ferrous sulfate?

A

Give on an empty stomach with orange juice, avoid calcium containing food, can cause Black stool and G.I. discomfort

41
Q

What are signs of a ferrous sulfate overdose?

A

Abdominal pain, vomiting, and bloody diarrhea

42
Q

What is sickle cell disease?

A

And AutoZone will recessive disorder that is a genetic condition affecting hemoglobin of red blood cells.

43
Q

One third of deaths associated with sickle cell occur during what?

A

An acute crisis

44
Q

One in how many African-American infants will have sickle cell anemia? And one in how many African-Americans will be a carrier for the trait?

A

One in 375,: one in 12

45
Q

What happened to hemoglobin in sickle cell anemia?

A

The hemoglobin is partially or completely replaced with abnormal hemoglobin, hemoglobin forms by genetic mutation in which amino acid valine replaces amino acid glutamic acid

46
Q

What is the homework feature of sickle cell anemia?

A

That’s so occlusion resulting in ischemic tissue injury to organs and chronic hemolytic anemia

47
Q

Can sickle cell’s return to their normal shape, what causes this?

A

Yes, sickle cells can return to their normal shape when stress is relieved and patient is rehydrated and re-oxygenated

48
Q

The typical red blood cell is 120 days, how long is a sickle cell lifespan?

A

10 to 20 days

49
Q

What are some factors which can precipitate sickling?

A

Fever or infection, trauma, dehydration, hypoxia, poorly pressurized airplanes, vasoconstriction when cold, emotional and physical stress

50
Q

What is a life-threatening complication for sickle cell disease?

A

Splenic sequestering

51
Q

What is the leading cause of death in sickle cell anemia?

A

Bacterial infections

52
Q

Strokes are a significant risk of sickle cell anemia, they can lead to what problems?

A

Mental retardation, developmental delays, and other neurological outcomes

53
Q

When does sickle cell anemia usually present

A

4 to 6 months of age

54
Q

How can newborns be diagnosed for sickle cell anemia?

A

Testing cord blood via hemoglobin electrophoresis

55
Q

What are some clinical manifestations of sickle cell anemia?

A

Most common complaint is pain. Splenic sequestions, febrile illness, cerebrovascular accident, chronic complications: Anemia, delayed growth and development, jaundice, retinopathy

56
Q

What is a sickle cell crisis?

A

An acute exacerbation of the disease that varies in severity and frequency

57
Q

What is the most common type of Sickel cell crisis?

A

A vasso-occlusive crisis. It is very painful and caused by stasis of blood, clumping, ischemia, and infarction

58
Q

What are clinical symptoms of a sickle cell crisis?

A

Fever, pain, tissue engorgement, severe abdominal pain

59
Q

What is splenic sequestration?

A

A life-threatening event caused by the pulling of blood in the spleen. The spleen can hold 1/5 of the bodies blood supply at a time. Because of this it can lead to cardiovascular Collapse, profound anemia, and hypovolemic shock

60
Q

In sickle cell anemia, what is an aplastic crisis?

A

Diminished erythropoiesis triggered by viral infection or depletion of full lick acid. Causes profound anemia, pallor, and fatigue.

61
Q

What is the most common reason for hospitalization with sickle cell patients?

A

Pain, commonly found in the back, abdomen, chest, and joints. Intensity and duration varies. Opioid analgesics, and PCA pumps are used

62
Q

What is the treatment for sickle cell anemia?

A

Sickle cell anemia has no cure, supportive treatment and prevention our key. Morphine is used around the clock for pain, oral and IV fluids are provided, oxygen, if needed. Daily prophylactic penicillin, the pneumococcal vaccine, transfusion of packed red blood cells

63
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

A group of hereditary bleeding disorders resulting from deficiency and specific clotting factors

64
Q

What is the most common form of hemophilia? And what is it a deficiency of?

A

Hemophilia A is most common, and it is a deficiency of clotting factor eight

65
Q

Hemophilia B is a deficiency of what factor?

A

Clotting factor nine

66
Q

Which form of hemophilia is most common?

A

Hemophilia A, which accounts for 80% of the cases in the United States. Hemophilia B has approximately 15% of cases

67
Q

What is treatment for hemophilia?

A

Factory replacement therapy, caregivers learn to start IVs and administer the factor, this keeps the child from bleeding and must be infuse your teammate to keep factor is high enough

68
Q

In hemophilia how can you limit joint involvement and management of pain?

A

Elevate, immobilize, and ice. Provide range of motion exercises once the bleeding stops, leading into joints frequently causes damage severe enough to make joint replacement and young adult hood necessary

69
Q

What medication should not be given to children with hemophilia?

A

Aspirin

70
Q

The pneumonic device rice stands for what and should be used during what?

A

Rice should be used during acute bleeding and stands for rest, ice, compression, elevate

71
Q

What is von Willebrand disease

A

The most common hereditary bleeding disorder which is a deficiency and plasma protein that carries clotting factor eight. Clot formation and bleeding control is impaired

72
Q

Which bleeding disorder is only present in males and passed on from the mother?

A

Hemophilia, von Willebrand disease is present in males and females

73
Q

What are the manifestations of von Willebrand disease?

A

Prolonged and excessive mucocutaneous bleeding. Gingival bleeding, epistaxis, bruising, increased bleeding during surgery or dental procedures, menorrhagia, gastrointestinal bleeding.

74
Q

What are the treatment goals for von Willebrand of these

A

Restore plotting function and prevent bleeding complications

75
Q

What is given to patients who have von Willebrand disease?

A

Von Willebrand protein concentrate, and Desmopressin

76
Q

What is disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

A life-threatening complication in which clotting system is abnormally activated resulting in widespread clot formation in the small vessels.

77
Q

What is commonly affected and disseminated intravascular coagulation?

A

Pulmonary, Reno, hepatic, and central nervous systems

78
Q

What is the most common cause of DIC?

A

Sepsis

79
Q

What are the manifestations of DIC?

A

Manifestations range from minor oozing to uncontrolled hemorrhages

Healthcare Of Children (7 decks)

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