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Heme/Onc Exam 1 > Hematologic physiology review > Flashcards

Hematologic physiology review Flashcards

1
Q

Blood is a fluid ___ composed of Plasma and Formed Elements (RBCs, WBCs, Plts).

A

connective tissue

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2
Q

Plasma components

A

Protein, water, solutes, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids
47-64%

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3
Q

Red blood cells

A

packed cell volume of hematocrit
about 45%

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4
Q

Buffy coat

A

White blood cells
<1%

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5
Q

Approximately 3 liters of blood is made up of _____

A

Plasma

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6
Q

____ is the process by which the body creates or forms the blood
and its components

A

Hematopoiesis

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7
Q

T/F As we age, hematopoiesis is
discontinued in some areas of
the skeleton

A

T

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8
Q

____ manage the majority of blood
production in adulthood

A

Vertebrae, pelvis, and sternum

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9
Q

During the ____ period, the liver and the spleen play a large role in blood production as the bone marrow is still being developed in utero

A

fetal

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10
Q

____ marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood
cells, or platelets

A

Red

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11
Q

____ marrow contains blood stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

A

Yellow

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12
Q

Certain proteins called ____
stimulate production of the different blood
cell lines

A

Growth Inducers

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13
Q

All blood cells are derived from a single
type of marrow cell called _____

A

Pluripotent
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (PHSCs)

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14
Q

_____ are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production.

A

Proerythroblasts

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15
Q

____ are immature RBCs that are released into circulation after the nucleus has been ejected.

A

Reticulocytes

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16
Q

What is it called when blood cells become so numerous they impede the flow?

A

Polycythemia

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17
Q

_____ is the most important regulator of
erythrocyte production

A

Oxygenation of the tissue

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18
Q

Hypoxia stimulates release of a growth-inducing glycoprotein, _____

A

Erythropoietin (Epo).

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19
Q

90% of Erythropoietin is formed in the ____

A

kidneys
(rest is formed in liver).

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20
Q

obtained from the diet and are required for the maturation of erythrocytes

A

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid (B9)

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21
Q

Lack of Vit B12 or Folate causes abnormal and diminished ____

A

DNA, resulting in failure of nuclear maturation and cell division

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22
Q

With a lack of Vit B12 or Folate causing a nutritional deficiency, this specific type of anemia will develop

A

Macrocytic anemia

23
Q

Macrocyte features

A

Flimsy membrane, large, irregular, oval (not biconcave)

○ These poorly formed cells are
capable of carrying oxygen in the blood, but their fragility causes them to have a shorter
life, resulting in a Macrocytic anemia (Vit B12 and Folate deficiency)

24
Q

The body contains ____ grams of Iron and 65% of it is found within
the Hemoglobin proteins

A

4-5

25
Q

____ is a glycoprotein that binds with iron and transports it in
the blood plasma (controls levels of free iron)

A

Transferrin

26
Q

_____ is another protein that binds iron, except it resides in cellular
cytoplasm and stores iron intracellularly (storage iron)

A

Ferritin

27
Q

_____ is an extremely insoluble form of iron storage protein that builds up in situations of excess iron

A

Hemosiderin

28
Q

When RBCs are delivered from the marrow into circulation, they
normally circulate for an average of ____

A

120 days

29
Q

T/F RBCs are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming ATM

A

T

30
Q

Macrophages from old RBCs break down the Hgb and release ____ back into
the blood

A

iron

31
Q

The ____ line is produced in the
marrow and cells are stored there until
they are needed (innate immunity)

A

Myeloid

32
Q

The _____ line is produced in the various lymph tissues and are mostly stored in the lymph and lymphoid tissue (adaptive immunity)

A

Lymphoid

33
Q

parasitic infections, allergic

A

Eosinophils

34
Q

Instinctively destroy invading bacteria, viruses, toxins, and debris by
chemotaxis and phagocytosis*

A

Innate immunity

35
Q

first response to injury or infection, bacterial

A

neutrophils

36
Q

inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic and viral

A

basophils

37
Q

chronic infection, cancers

A

Monocytes

38
Q

Forming antibodies (Humoral Immunity) and special sensitized
WBCs (Cell-Mediated Immunity) to identify and destroy any
foreign invaders

A

adaptive immunity

39
Q

cell mediated immunity

A

T Lymphocytes

40
Q

antibody immunity
○ Plasma Cells – release antibodies

A

B Lymphocytes

41
Q

When immune cells are activated, they secrete substances that stimulate
more WBC production

A

○ Prostaglandins
○ Cytokines
○ Interleukins

42
Q

These are the main “attack and destroy” cells of the innate immune
system

A

Neutrophils and Tissue Macrophages
Tissue macrophage = mature monocyte

43
Q

Movement of neutrophils into diseased or injured tissue occurs as a
result of _____

A

chemotaxis

44
Q

____ attach themselves to the parasite and release substances that kill many parasites

A

Eosinophils

45
Q

When an antigen binds to the IgE antibody, the Mast Cell or Basophil ruptures and releases large quantities of ____

A

Histamine, Bradykinin, Serotonin, Heparin, Leukotrienes, etc.

46
Q

____ are responsible for forming the activated lymphocytes that
provide cell-mediated immunity

A

T Lymphocytes

47
Q

_____ are responsible for forming antibodies that provide humoral immunity

A

B Lymphocytes

48
Q

When Monocytes are released from the marrow, they circulate for 10-20
hours and then wander through capillaries into tissues where they
become _____

A

Macrophages

49
Q

Along with coagulation factors that are produced by the liver,
______ are responsible for hemostasis, or the
process of stopping an active bleed

A

thrombocytes (platelets)

50
Q

When platelet counts fall below a certain level, this Triggers production of the growth inducer
_____, primarily from the liver

A

thrombopoietin

51
Q

Thrombopoietin stimulates differentiation of
more _____ in the bone marrow,
thereby increasing the production of platelets
in the marrow

A

megakaryocytes

52
Q

Platelets are replaced about once every

A

7-10 days

53
Q

In a microliter of whole blood, there are approximately
____ platelets

A

100,000-500,000

54
Q

Hi

A

Hi

Heme/Onc Exam 1 (7 decks)

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