Hematologic physiology review

Question 1

Blood is a fluid ___ composed of Plasma and Formed Elements (RBCs, WBCs, Plts).

Answer 1

connective tissue

Question 2

Plasma components

Answer 2

Protein, water, solutes, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids
47-64%

Question 3

Red blood cells

Answer 3

packed cell volume of hematocrit
about 45%

Question 4

Buffy coat

Answer 4

White blood cells
<1%

Question 5

Approximately 3 liters of blood is made up of _____

Answer 5

Plasma

Question 6

____ is the process by which the body creates or forms the blood
and its components

Answer 6

Hematopoiesis

Question 7

T/F As we age, hematopoiesis is
discontinued in some areas of
the skeleton

Answer 7

T

Question 8

____ manage the majority of blood
production in adulthood

Answer 8

Vertebrae, pelvis, and sternum

Question 9

During the ____ period, the liver and the spleen play a large role in blood production as the bone marrow is still being developed in utero

Answer 9

fetal

Question 10

____ marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood
cells, or platelets

Answer 10

Red

Question 11

____ marrow contains blood stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells

Answer 11

Yellow

Question 12

Certain proteins called ____
stimulate production of the different blood
cell lines

Answer 12

Growth Inducers

Question 13

All blood cells are derived from a single
type of marrow cell called _____

Answer 13

Pluripotent
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (PHSCs)

Question 14

_____ are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production.

Answer 14

Proerythroblasts

Question 15

____ are immature RBCs that are released into circulation after the nucleus has been ejected.

Answer 15

Reticulocytes

Question 16

What is it called when blood cells become so numerous they impede the flow?

Answer 16

Polycythemia

Question 17

_____ is the most important regulator of
erythrocyte production

Answer 17

Oxygenation of the tissue

Question 18

Hypoxia stimulates release of a growth-inducing glycoprotein, _____

Answer 18

Erythropoietin (Epo).

Question 19

90% of Erythropoietin is formed in the ____

Answer 19

kidneys
(rest is formed in liver).

Question 20

obtained from the diet and are required for the maturation of erythrocytes

Answer 20

Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid (B9)

Question 21

Lack of Vit B12 or Folate causes abnormal and diminished ____

Answer 21

DNA, resulting in failure of nuclear maturation and cell division

Question 22

With a lack of Vit B12 or Folate causing a nutritional deficiency, this specific type of anemia will develop

Answer 22

Macrocytic anemia

Question 23

Macrocyte features

Answer 23

Flimsy membrane, large, irregular, oval (not biconcave)

○ These poorly formed cells are
capable of carrying oxygen in the blood, but their fragility causes them to have a shorter
life, resulting in a Macrocytic anemia (Vit B12 and Folate deficiency)

Question 24

The body contains ____ grams of Iron and 65% of it is found within
the Hemoglobin proteins

Answer 24

4-5

Question 25

____ is a glycoprotein that binds with iron and transports it in the blood plasma (controls levels of free iron)

Answer 25

Transferrin

Question 26

_____ is another protein that binds iron, except it resides in cellular cytoplasm and stores iron intracellularly (storage iron)

Answer 26

Ferritin

Question 27

_____ is an extremely insoluble form of iron storage protein that builds up in situations of excess iron

Answer 27

Hemosiderin

Question 28

When RBCs are delivered from the marrow into circulation, they normally circulate for an average of ____

Answer 28

120 days

Question 29

T/F RBCs are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming ATM

Answer 29

T

Question 30

Macrophages from old RBCs break down the Hgb and release ____ back into the blood

Answer 30

iron

Question 31

The ____ line is produced in the marrow and cells are stored there until they are needed (innate immunity)

Answer 31

Myeloid

Question 32

The _____ line is produced in the various lymph tissues and are mostly stored in the lymph and lymphoid tissue (adaptive immunity)

Answer 32

Lymphoid

Question 33

parasitic infections, allergic

Answer 33

Eosinophils

Question 34

Instinctively destroy invading bacteria, viruses, toxins, and debris by chemotaxis and phagocytosis*

Answer 34

Innate immunity

Question 35

first response to injury or infection, bacterial

Answer 35

neutrophils

Question 36

inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic and viral

Answer 36

basophils

Question 37

chronic infection, cancers

Answer 37

Monocytes

Question 38

Forming antibodies (Humoral Immunity) and special sensitized WBCs (Cell-Mediated Immunity) to identify and destroy any foreign invaders

Answer 38

adaptive immunity

Question 39

cell mediated immunity

Answer 39

T Lymphocytes

Question 40

antibody immunity ○ Plasma Cells – release antibodies

Answer 40

B Lymphocytes

Question 41

When immune cells are activated, they secrete substances that stimulate more WBC production

Answer 41

○ Prostaglandins ○ Cytokines ○ Interleukins

Question 42

These are the main “attack and destroy” cells of the innate immune system

Answer 42

Neutrophils and Tissue Macrophages Tissue macrophage = mature monocyte

Question 43

Movement of neutrophils into diseased or injured tissue occurs as a result of _____

Answer 43

chemotaxis

Question 44

____ attach themselves to the parasite and release substances that kill many parasites

Answer 44

Eosinophils

Question 45

When an antigen binds to the IgE antibody, the Mast Cell or Basophil ruptures and releases large quantities of ____

Answer 45

Histamine, Bradykinin, Serotonin, Heparin, Leukotrienes, etc.

Question 46

____ are responsible for forming the activated lymphocytes that provide cell-mediated immunity

Answer 46

T Lymphocytes

Question 47

_____ are responsible for forming antibodies that provide humoral immunity

Answer 47

B Lymphocytes

Question 48

When Monocytes are released from the marrow, they circulate for 10-20 hours and then wander through capillaries into tissues where they become _____

Answer 48

Macrophages

Question 49

Along with coagulation factors that are produced by the liver, ______ are responsible for hemostasis, or the process of stopping an active bleed

Answer 49

thrombocytes (platelets)

Question 50

When platelet counts fall below a certain level, this Triggers production of the growth inducer _____, primarily from the liver

Answer 50

thrombopoietin

Question 51

Thrombopoietin stimulates differentiation of more _____ in the bone marrow, thereby increasing the production of platelets in the marrow

Answer 51

megakaryocytes

Question 52

Platelets are replaced about once every

Answer 52

7-10 days

Question 53

In a microliter of whole blood, there are approximately ____ platelets

Answer 53

100,000-500,000

Question 54

Hi

Answer 54

Hi