Hematologic physiology review Flashcards
Blood is a fluid ___ composed of Plasma and Formed Elements (RBCs, WBCs, Plts).
connective tissue
Plasma components
Protein, water, solutes, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids
47-64%
Red blood cells
packed cell volume of hematocrit
about 45%
Buffy coat
White blood cells
<1%
Approximately 3 liters of blood is made up of _____
Plasma
____ is the process by which the body creates or forms the blood
and its components
Hematopoiesis
T/F As we age, hematopoiesis is
discontinued in some areas of
the skeleton
T
____ manage the majority of blood
production in adulthood
Vertebrae, pelvis, and sternum
During the ____ period, the liver and the spleen play a large role in blood production as the bone marrow is still being developed in utero
fetal
____ marrow contains blood stem cells that can become red blood cells, white blood
cells, or platelets
Red
____ marrow contains blood stem cells that can become cartilage, fat, or bone cells
Yellow
Certain proteins called ____
stimulate production of the different blood
cell lines
Growth Inducers
All blood cells are derived from a single
type of marrow cell called _____
Pluripotent
Hematopoietic Stem Cells (PHSCs)
_____ are committed stem cells and the starting point for RBC production.
Proerythroblasts
____ are immature RBCs that are released into circulation after the nucleus has been ejected.
Reticulocytes
What is it called when blood cells become so numerous they impede the flow?
Polycythemia
_____ is the most important regulator of
erythrocyte production
Oxygenation of the tissue
Hypoxia stimulates release of a growth-inducing glycoprotein, _____
Erythropoietin (Epo).
90% of Erythropoietin is formed in the ____
kidneys
(rest is formed in liver).
obtained from the diet and are required for the maturation of erythrocytes
Vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin) and Folic Acid (B9)
Lack of Vit B12 or Folate causes abnormal and diminished ____
DNA, resulting in failure of nuclear maturation and cell division
With a lack of Vit B12 or Folate causing a nutritional deficiency, this specific type of anemia will develop
Macrocytic anemia
Macrocyte features
Flimsy membrane, large, irregular, oval (not biconcave)
○ These poorly formed cells are
capable of carrying oxygen in the blood, but their fragility causes them to have a shorter
life, resulting in a Macrocytic anemia (Vit B12 and Folate deficiency)
The body contains ____ grams of Iron and 65% of it is found within
the Hemoglobin proteins
4-5
____ is a glycoprotein that binds with iron and transports it in
the blood plasma (controls levels of free iron)
Transferrin
_____ is another protein that binds iron, except it resides in cellular
cytoplasm and stores iron intracellularly (storage iron)
Ferritin
_____ is an extremely insoluble form of iron storage protein that builds up in situations of excess iron
Hemosiderin
When RBCs are delivered from the marrow into circulation, they
normally circulate for an average of ____
120 days
T/F RBCs are capable of metabolizing glucose and forming ATM
T
Macrophages from old RBCs break down the Hgb and release ____ back into
the blood
iron
The ____ line is produced in the
marrow and cells are stored there until
they are needed (innate immunity)
Myeloid
The _____ line is produced in the various lymph tissues and are mostly stored in the lymph and lymphoid tissue (adaptive immunity)
Lymphoid
parasitic infections, allergic
Eosinophils
Instinctively destroy invading bacteria, viruses, toxins, and debris by
chemotaxis and phagocytosis*
Innate immunity
first response to injury or infection, bacterial
neutrophils
inflammatory, autoimmune, allergic and viral
basophils
chronic infection, cancers
Monocytes
Forming antibodies (Humoral Immunity) and special sensitized
WBCs (Cell-Mediated Immunity) to identify and destroy any
foreign invaders
adaptive immunity
cell mediated immunity
T Lymphocytes
antibody immunity
○ Plasma Cells – release antibodies
B Lymphocytes
When immune cells are activated, they secrete substances that stimulate
more WBC production
○ Prostaglandins
○ Cytokines
○ Interleukins
These are the main “attack and destroy” cells of the innate immune
system
Neutrophils and Tissue Macrophages
Tissue macrophage = mature monocyte
Movement of neutrophils into diseased or injured tissue occurs as a
result of _____
chemotaxis
____ attach themselves to the parasite and release substances that kill many parasites
Eosinophils
When an antigen binds to the IgE antibody, the Mast Cell or Basophil ruptures and releases large quantities of ____
Histamine, Bradykinin, Serotonin, Heparin, Leukotrienes, etc.
____ are responsible for forming the activated lymphocytes that
provide cell-mediated immunity
T Lymphocytes
_____ are responsible for forming antibodies that provide humoral immunity
B Lymphocytes
When Monocytes are released from the marrow, they circulate for 10-20
hours and then wander through capillaries into tissues where they
become _____
Macrophages
Along with coagulation factors that are produced by the liver,
______ are responsible for hemostasis, or the
process of stopping an active bleed
thrombocytes (platelets)
When platelet counts fall below a certain level, this Triggers production of the growth inducer
_____, primarily from the liver
thrombopoietin
Thrombopoietin stimulates differentiation of
more _____ in the bone marrow,
thereby increasing the production of platelets
in the marrow
megakaryocytes
Platelets are replaced about once every
7-10 days
In a microliter of whole blood, there are approximately
____ platelets
100,000-500,000
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