Hematologic diseases Flashcards
iron deficiency anemia
poor absorption or excessive loss of iron
pernicious anemia
poor absorption of B12 due to absence of intrinsic factor
leads to low H&H, GI problems, neuro symptoms
Aplastic anemia
bone marrow without erythroid, myeloid, megakariocytic cell lines
Requires transfusions until bone marrow again produces cells
S/S: weakness, dyspnea, headaches
hemolytic anemia
RBC are destroyed, bone marrow cannot keep up with RBC loss
Thalassemia
genetic disorder leading to inadequate hemoglobin production
Polycythemia Vera
Over production of RBC, WBC, and platelets
Thick blood, large blood volume, organ congestion
S/S: Red complexion, dizziness, headache, visual disturbances, painful joints
Treatment: myelosuppresive drugs, radiation
Immune thrombocytopenia purpura
abnormal destruction and reduced production of circulating platelets, primarily an autoimmune disease
Hemophilia
X-linked recessive genetic disorder caused by a defective of deficient coagulation factor
Disseminated intravascular coagulation
widespread clotting
Causes: shock, sepsis, cirrhosis, severe trauma
usually a secondary event from activation of one of the coagulation pathways
Acute Leukemia
clonal proliferation of immature hematopoietic cells
Chronic Leukemia
Mature forms of WBC and onset is more gradual
Leukemia-ALL
childhood 80% of time, diagnosis by lymphoblasts in bone marrow, bleeding, anemia symptoms, joint pain
Leukemia- AML
advanced aging- 60 years, auer rod structure in cytoplasm of myeloblasts confirms diagnosis
Leukemia- CLL
age 55 or older, frequently detected incidentally, diagnosis by lymphocytosis, lymphadenopathy present 80%
Leukemia- CML
middle age 55 years, Philadelphia chromosome confirms diagnosis, main symptoms of fatigue and spleenomegaly
Peripheral Arterial Disease-PAD
progressive narrowing and degeneration of arteries of upper and lower extremities
Leading cause: atherosclerosis
Symptoms: intermittent claudication ( muscle pain that is caused by exercising) resolves within 10 min or less with rest, numbness or tingling, loss of hair on legs, absent or diminished lower extremity pulses, pain at rest from insufficient blood flow
PAD treatment
ace inhibitor (Ramipril), antiplatelet agents (aspirin, plavix) drugs for intermittent claudication: cilostazol (increases vasodilation), pentoxifylline ( increase RBC flexibility, decreases blood viscosity) Exercise, diet high in fruits, veggies, and whole grains
Raynaud’s Phenomenon
vasospastic disorder of small cutaneous arteries (fingers and toes usually) imbalance between vasodilation and vasoconstriction
primarily young women 15-40
Causes color changes of fingers, toes; decreased perfusion=white then cyantotic then red once blood returns back
coldness and numbness then throbbing pain and tingling swelling.
Thromboangiitis Obliterans (Buerger’s Disease)
occlusive disease of the median and small arteries and veins, distal upper and lower limbs are most commonly affected
Intermittent claudication, aching pain more severe at night, cool numb or tingling sensation, diminished pulses, ulceration development
Aortic aneurysms
dilated aortic wall becomes lined with thrombi that can embolize. Wall of artery forms the aneurysm, at least one vessel still intact.
Pre-op: monitor VS and assess risk factors for arterial disease process, assess for abdominal and back pain
Avoid straining
