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HEMA (CEU LAB) Flashcards

1
Q

science of blood, its nature, functions and diseases

A

Hematology

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2
Q

gives information of the anatomy and physiology of blood and laboratory methods by which this information is commonly obtained

A

Hematology

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3
Q

suspension of RBC, WBC, Platelets, and blood dust or hemokoniae in a fluid of variable composition, the plasma

A

Blood

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4
Q

fluid of variable composition where RBC, WBC, platelets, and blood dusts are suspended

A

plasma/serum

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5
Q

blood dust

A

hemokoniae

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6
Q

blood SG

A

1.052 - 1.061

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7
Q

blood pH

A

slightly alk (7.3 - 7.5)

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8
Q

total blood volume in an ADULT (in L and %)

A

5-6 L
7-8% of total BW

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9
Q

% of formed elements in the blood

A

45%

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10
Q

% of fluid portion of the blood

A

55%

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11
Q

Formed elements of the blood

A

RBC
WBC
PLT

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12
Q

Composition of the fluid portion of the blood

A

90% water
10% protein, carbo, vitamins, hormones, enzymes, lipids, salts

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13
Q

major proteins in the blood

A

albumin
globin
fibrinogen

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14
Q

2 types of blood collection

A

skin puncture
venipuncture

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15
Q

sites for skin puncture

A

finger
earlobe
plantar surface of the great toe or heel

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16
Q

enumerate process of skin puncture

A

rub the part well with 70% alc
allow to dry
make a quick and good stab
use the NEXT DROP of blood for examination

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17
Q

enumerate venipuncture process

A

preparation of materials
tourniquet application
vein selection
sterilization
needle insertion
withdrawal of blood
tourniquet release
withdrawal of needle
prevent further bleeding using dry cotton

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18
Q

2 types of blood liquid portion

A

serum
plasma

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19
Q

liquid portion without fibrinogen

A

serum
(consumed during clotting)

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20
Q

aka Heller and Paul’s or Wintrobe mixture

A

Ammonium and Potassium oxalates; 3:2 (double oxalates)

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21
Q

Heller and Paul’s or Wintrobe mixture composition that cause SWELLING

A

ammonium salts

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22
Q

Heller and Paul’s or Wintrobe mixture composition that cause SHRINKAGE

A

potassium salts

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23
Q

Composition of Heller and Paul’s or Wintrobe mixture with corresponding measurement

A

Ammonium oxalate - 1.2 g
Potassium oxalate - 0.8 g
Distilled water - 100.0 mL

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24
Q

EDTA means

A

Dipotassium or Disodium salt of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid

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25
Q

prevents calcium from ionizing by chelation

A

Dipotassium or Disodium salt of Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)

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26
Q

Needed EDTA per 1 ml of blood

A

1-2 mg

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27
Q

Importance of CBC

A

Indicator of body’s ability to fight diseases
Monitor drug effects and radiation therapy
Indicator of progress in diseases (infection, anemia)

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28
Q

Included in CBC

A

Hemoglobin Concentration (Hemoglobin)
Erythrocyte Volume Fraction (Hematocrit)
Erythrocyte Number Conc. (RBC count)
Leukocyte Number Conc. (WBC count)
Leukocyte Type Number Fraction (Diff. Count)
Thrombocyte Number Conc. (Platelet Count)
Red Blood Cell Indices

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29
Q

iron-bearing protein contained within the erythrocytes in normal blood

A

Hemoglobin

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30
Q

represents the colored components in hemoglobin

A

heme

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31
Q

complex protein in hgb

A

globin

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32
Q

Carrier of oxygen from the lungs to the tissues where it readily releases this oxygen to the tissue and then returns to the lungs to combine with more oxygen. This respiratory function of hemoglobin is vital to the life of the cells.

A

Hemoglobin

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33
Q

Methods of Estimation of Hemoglobin

A

Copper Sulfate or Specific Gravity Method
Gasometric Method (Oxygen Capacity Method)
Chemical Method (Iron Content Method)
Colorimetric Method

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34
Q

aka Gasometric Method

A

Oxygen Capacity Method

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35
Q

aka Copper Sulfate method

A

Specific Gravity method

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36
Q

aka Chemical method for HGB

A

Iron Content method

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37
Q

2 types of colorimetric method for hgb

A

Visual comparison
Photoelectric

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38
Q

Under visual comparison of HGB colorimetric method

A

Direct matching
Acid Hematin
Alkali Hematin

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39
Q

Direct Matching methods for HGB

A

Tallqvist
Dare

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40
Q

Acid hematin methods for HGB

A

Sahli’s Hellige
Haden-Hausser
Sahli-Adams
Haldane
Osgood
Newcomer

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41
Q

Alkali hematin methods for HGB

A

Clegg & King

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42
Q

Photoelectric methods for HGB

A

Oxyhemoglobin method
Cyanmethemoglobin

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43
Q

Amount of Drabkin’s reagent to blood

A

Drabkin’s = 5 mL
Blood = 20 uL

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44
Q

HGB measurement process

A

Place 5 ml of Drabkin’s reagent in a small amber colored vial

Suck 20 ul of blood using sahli’s pipette.

Transfer 20 ul of blood in a small amber colored vial with drabkin’s reagent

Stand for 10 minutes. Allowing the RBCs to hemolyse.

Measure density of the solution at 540 nm, using water as blank

Obtain hemoglobin value from a calibration curve prepared with the aid of standard

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45
Q

Wavelength of HGB reading

A

540 nm

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46
Q

aka Hematocrit

A

Packed Cell Volume
Erythrocyte Volume Fraction

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47
Q

one of the accurate and valuable hematologic investigations

A

Hematocrit

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47
Q

Methods of Hematocrit Determination

A

Macrohematocrit by Wintrobe
Microhematocrit method

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47
Q

thick flat bottom tube 11.5 cm long, 3 mm internal bore, graduated 0-100 mm. The left hand side graduation (descending) is for ESR and the right side graduation (ascending) is for hematocrit

A

Wintrobe tube

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47
Q

WINTROBE TUBE:
right hand side graduation (ascending) is for ____

A

HCT

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48
Q

Under Macrohematocrit by Wintrobe

A

Wintrobe tube
Brays
Van Allen’s
Stanford-Magath
Haden’s modification

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48
Q

graduation of Wintrobe tube

A

0-100 mm

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49
Q

length of Wintrobe tube

A

11.5 cm

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50
Q

originally designed for capillary blood collection, using capillary tube, either heparinized or non-heparinized

A

Adam’s

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50
Q

Under Microhematocrit method

A

Adam’s

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50
Q

internal bore of WIntrobe tube

A

3 mm

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50
Q

WINTROBE TUBE:
left hand side graduation (descending) is for ____

A

ESR

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51
Q

measure of capillary tube left unfilled

A

10 mm

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52
Q

Centrifugation time and speed for microhematocrit method

A

5 minutes at high speed

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53
Q

process of enumerating blood cells like leukocytes, erythrocytes and thrombocytes.

A

Hemocytometry

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54
Q

made up of thick rectangular glass slides

A

counting chamber

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55
Q

Cells touching half way in and half way out of the ___________ boundary lines of the square are counted.

A

upper and left

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55
Q

Counting chambers

A

Improved Neubauer
Fuchs-Rosenthal

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56
Q

Cells touching half way in and half way out of the _______ boundary lines of the square are not counted.

A

lower and right

57
Q

Double lines (_____ line is the boundary)
Triple lines (______line is the boundary)

A

outer
middle

58
Q

Remedy for irregularly distributed cells in chamber

A

re-charge

59
Q

determination of the number of red blood cells present in 1 ul of blood.

A

Erythrocyte Count

60
Q

Mark of thoma pipette for RBC count

A

101

61
Q

Dilution of thoma pipette for RBC count

A

1:200

62
Q

Bead color of thoma pipette for RBC count

A

Red

62
Q

Bulb size of thoma pipette for RBC count

A

Big

62
Q

Bore size of thoma pipette for RBC count

A

small

62
Q

determination of the number of white blood cells present per 1 ul of blood

A

Leukocyte Count

63
Q

Diluting fluids for RBC count

A

Dacies or formol citrate solution
Hayem’s diluting fluid
Gower’s solution
Toisson’s fluid
Bethell’s fluid
NSS or Physiologic Salt Solution
3.8 Sodium Citrate

64
Q

Mark of thoma pipette for WBC count

A

11

65
Q

Bead color of thoma pipette for WBC count

A

White

65
Q

Dilution of thoma pipette for WBC count

A

1:20

66
Q

Bulb size of thoma pipette for WBC count

A

Small

66
Q

Bore size of thoma pipette for WBC count

A

Big

67
Q

Diluting fluid for WBC count

A

2-3% acetic acid

68
Q

Computation for RBC ct

A

Number of RBC counted X 10,000 = RBC/uL of blood

68
Q

Computation for WBC ct

A

Number of WBC counted X .05 = WBC X 10^9/L

69
Q

Automated Method of Blood Smear Preparation

A

Spun Smear
Smear prepared in Miniprep (wedge/push smear)

69
Q

size of blood drop used for blood smear

A

2-3 mm diameter

69
Q

Blood Smear Manual methods

A

2 glass slide method/wedge/push method
Coverglass method = Ehrlich’s method
Coverglass and slide method = Beacom’s method

70
Q

angle of slide spreader during blood smear

A

40 degree

71
Q

Factors that determine thickness or thinness of smear

A

Size of blood drop
Large angle between slide and spreader
Speed of spreader
Pressure of spreader over slide

72
Q

Criteria of a Good Smear

A

Gradual transition from thick to thin smear.
Smear must cover 3⁄4 of the slide.
Must have a smooth even surface, free from ridges, waves and holes.
No overlapping of cells.

73
Q

PBS staining method

A

Solution 1 (methanol) — fixative (10 dips)
Solution 2 (eosin) — acid stain (10 dips)
Solution 3 (methylene blue) — basic stain (10 dips)
Solution 4 — buffer (15 dips)

74
Q

Other staining method

A

Wright’s stain
Leishman’s stain
Jenner-Giemsa stain
May-Grunwald-Giemsa stain
Giemsa stain

75
Q

consists of the enumeration of the relative proportions (percentages) of the various types of white blood cells as seen in stained films of peripheral blood

A

Differential Count

76
Q

WAYS OF SCANNING SMEARS FOR DIFFERENTIAL COUNT

A

Strip or Horizontal Method
Crenellation Method
Exaggerated Battlement Method
Two Field Meander Method
Four Field Meander Method

77
Q

all the cells in longitudinal strips from head to end or tails of the smears are counted

A

Strip or Horizontal Method

78
Q

cells are counted from the upper part of the smear, the lower part, then sideways, then to the upper part

A

Crenellation Method

79
Q

one begins at one edge of the smear and counts all cells advancing inward from 1/3 of the width of the smear, to a line parallel to the edge, out to the edge to along the edge for an equal distance before turning Inward again and again

A

Exaggerated Battlement Method

80
Q

smear is divided Into two fields. Similar to exaggerated battlement method. Fifty cells for each of the two fields are counted

A

Two Field Meander Method

81
Q

more accurate than two field meander since the four areas where the cells are counted represents the entire smear

A

Four Field Meander Method

82
Q

Stop or retard the action of foreign materials

A

Neutrophil

83
Q

9-12 um in diameter
Pink to rose-violet
Normally 2-5 lobes connected with thin filaments

A

Neutrophil

84
Q

Release of potent oxidants to destroy helminth parasites

A

Eosinophil

84
Q

Anti-inflammatory cell

A

Eosinophil

85
Q

Produces heparin & histamine against allergies

A

Basophil

85
Q

9-12 um in diameter
Reddish-orange granules
Two lobes coarse, clumped chromatin pattern

A

Eosinophil

86
Q

They exhibit chemotaxis and some phagocytic activity

A

Basophil

87
Q

10-16 um in diameter
Slightly pink to colorless cytoplasm and dark purple to blue black granules
Unsegmented or bilobed, rarely has three or four lobes

A

Basophil

88
Q

Defense mechanism
Removal of damaged and old cells, plasma protein, & plasma lipids

A

Monocyte

89
Q

Provide for the recognition and elimination of foreign pathogens, proteins and altered cells from the body

A

Lymphocyte

90
Q

14-20 um in diameter
Blue gray outline, maybe irregular because of the presence of pseudopods, azurophilic granules, giving a ground glass appearance
Round, kidney shape. No nuclei are visible, chromatin is fine and lacey arranged in skein-like strand

A

Monocyte

91
Q

Maintain the body’s resistance to these offending agents

A

Lymphocyte

92
Q

Pale to moderate blue
Round or oval in shape

A

Lymphocyte

(can be small, medium, large)

93
Q

Platelet count methods

A

Toncatin Method using the Rees and Ecker diluent
Phase Contrast Microscopy using 1% ammonium oxalate diluting fluid

94
Q

Used for phase contrast microscopy of platelets

A

1% ammonium oxalate diluting fluid

95
Q

contains citrate-formaldehyde buffer with brilliant cresyl blue as a platelet stain for light microscopy

A

Toncatin Method using the Rees and Ecker diluent

96
Q

average volume of red cells in a given volume of blood

A

Mean Cell Volume (MCV)

97
Q

MCV formula

A

Hct x 10 /RBC/L

97
Q

SI unit of MCV

A

femtoliter

98
Q

average hemoglobin content of the red blood cell

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin (MCH)

99
Q

MCV normal value

A

80-100 fL

100
Q

SI unit of MCH

A

pictogram

101
Q

MCH formula

A

Hgb (g/dL) x 10 / RBC

102
Q

MCH normal value

A

27-31 pg

103
Q

average hemoglobin concentration in a given volume of packed erythrocytes

A

Mean Cell Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC)

103
Q

SI unit of MCHC

A

grams of hemoglobin per liter

104
Q

MCHC formula

A

Hgb x 100 / Hct

105
Q

MCHC normal value

A

31-36 g/dL

106
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for RBC, WBC, Platelets

A

Electrical Impedance/Direct Current
Optical Count/Flow Cytometry

107
Q

measure of the total opposition to current flow in an alternating current circuit made up of two components, ohmic resistance and reactance

A

Optical Count/Flow Cytometry

108
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for HGB

A

Cyanmethemoglobin
Modified Methemoglobin Chromogen (cyanide-free)

109
Q

Hemoglobin measurement is done directly in the WBC cuvette, by spectrophotometry. The light source is an L.E.D. (Light Emitting Diode) at 555 nm. Hemoglobin is detected by formation of Cyanmethemoglobin chromogen when using a lyse solution with cyanide.

A

Modified Methemoglobin Chromogen (cyanide-free)

110
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for HCT

A

Measurement by Summation
Automatically derived by the automated analyzer from the RBC count and MCV value.

111
Q

DIFF COUNT PRINCIPLE
size or volume of the particle

A

Aperture-Impedance/Direct Current

112
Q

DIFF COUNT PRINCIPLE
nuclear size and density, cytoplasmic granularity

A

Radio Frequency Conductivity

113
Q

DIFF COUNT PRINCIPLE
size and characteristics, like nuclear shape and cytoplasmic granules of a cell

A

Optical Light Scatter Flow Cytometry

114
Q

DIFF COUNT PRINCIPLE
presence of specific enzyme or protein- dye precipitate

A

Cytochemistry

115
Q

DIFF COUNT PRINCIPLE
antibody specific for a cell protein

A

Fluorescence/Immunological Flow Cytometry

116
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for PLT CT

A

Impedence / Direct Current
Optical Count / Flow Cytometry

117
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for MCV

A

DIRECTLY MEASURED

118
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for MCH

A

Hgb / RBC × 10

119
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for MCHC

A

Hgb / Hct ×100

120
Q

Principle of Hematology Analyzer for RDW

A

Histogram Derived

121
Q

composition of buffy coat

A

WBC
Platelets

122
Q

site of skin puncture for adults

A

all fingers

123
Q

site of skin puncture for babies

A

plantar surface of heel or great toe

124
Q

caused by air sucked by syringe –> veins

A

embolism

125
Q

not preferred anticoag due to crystallization

A

double oxalates

126
Q

used for plasma hgb

A

oxyhemoglobin

127
Q

hgb subjected to spectro at 540 nm

A

cyanmethemoglobin

128
Q

used capillary tube if hematocrit is to be carried out using anticoagulated tube

A

nonheparinized
blue

129
Q

used capillary tube for direct prick

A

heparinized
red

130
Q

allowable difference in 4 quadrants of counting chamber

A

10

131
Q

WBCs are read using this field

A

low power
dark field

132
Q

effect on cell count of OVERFILLED chamber

A

decreased count

133
Q

effect on cell count of UNDERFILLED chamber

A

increased count

134
Q

Best RBC diluting fluid

A

Dacies or formol citrate solution

135
Q

RBC diluting fluid preventing rouleaux formation

A

Gower’s solution

136
Q

RBC diluting fluid causing rouleaux formation

A

NSS

137
Q

Smear technique for BM aspirate

A

Coverglass method (Ehrlich’s)

138
Q

Smear technique employed by machines

A

Coverglass and Slide method (Beacom’s)

139
Q

PBS are read using:
a. Bright field
b. Dark field

A

a. Bright field

Internship (3 decks)

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