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MTAP 2 FINALS > HEMA > Flashcards

HEMA Flashcards

1
Q

Removes produced fibrins

A

plasmin

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2
Q

Cancer of blood

A

Leukemia

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3
Q

mimics the laboratory results of leukemia

A

Leukomoid reaction

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4
Q

High WBC count (↑ >50,000 ul)
INCREASE LAP
LEFT SHIFT ( young or blast cells instead of mature cells) PRESENCE OF DOHLE BODIES AND TOXIC GRANULES

ABSENCE OF AUER RODS AND PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME

A

Leukomoid reaction

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5
Q

A form of malignancy in blood (due to lifestyle or genetic)

A

CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

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6
Q

High WBC count (malignant cells)
✓ DECREASE LAP
✓ LEFT SHIFT
✓ PRESENCE OF AUER BODIES
✓ PRESENCE OF PHILADELPHIA CHROMOSOME

A

CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

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7
Q

Bone marrow test:

abnormal presence of
higher than normal number of immature cells

A

Leukemia

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8
Q

Bone marrow test:

normal number of
immature cells

A

Leukomoid reaction

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9
Q

Lymph node biopsy test:

abnormal presence of immature cells

A

Leukemia

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10
Q

Lymph node biopsy:

normal mature cells are present

A

Leukomoid reaction

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11
Q

NEUTROPHIL OR
LEUKOCYTE PHOSPHATASE TEST:

High score

A

Leukomoid reaction

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12
Q

Test: NEUTROPHIL OR
LEUKOCYTE PHOSPHATASE (low score)

A

Leukemia

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13
Q

enzyme produced by young granulocytes; seen in neutrophils from the metamyelocyte to segmented stage

A

Alkaline phosphatase

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14
Q

clonal proliferations of malignant leukocytes that arise initially in the bone marrow before disseminating to the peripheral blood, lymph nodes, and other organs

A

Leukemia

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15
Q

second line of defense

A

WBCs

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16
Q

first to recognize leukemia as a distinct clinical disorder between 1839 and 1845.

A

Virchow

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17
Q

Major symptoms of leukemia

A

fever, weight loss, and increased sweating

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18
Q

symptoms occurring more predominantly in chronic leukemias.

A

Enlargement of the liver, spleen and lymph nodes

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19
Q

General term for malignancy that starts in the lymph system, mainly the lymph nodes

A

Lymphoma

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20
Q

form of cancer of the plasma cells.

A

myeloma

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21
Q

Duration of acute leukemia

A

days to 6 months

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22
Q

Duration of subacute leukemia:

A

2-6 months

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23
Q

Duration of chronic leukemia

A

1 or 2 years or more

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24
Q

PBS: WBC ct. <15,000 cells/ul, no immature or abnormal WBC

A

ALEUKEMIC LEUKEMIA

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25
Q

PBS: WBC ct. < 15,000 cells/ul, with immature or abnormal WBC

A

Sub leukemic leukemia

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26
Q

PBS: WBC ct. >15,000 cells/ul, with immature and
abnormal form

A

Leukemic leukemia

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27
Q

TYPES OF WBC INVOLVED:

Leukemia with predominance of immature (blast) WBC

A

Acute leukemia

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28
Q

TYPES OF WBC INVOLVED:

predominance of mature/old WBC

A

chronic leukemia

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29
Q

Primarily a disease of childhood or adolescence, accounting for 25% of childhood cancers and up to 75% of childhood leukemia

A

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia

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30
Q

affected cells in common ALL

A

Early pre-B cell

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31
Q

represents only about 15% of pediatric ALL cases while 25% of adult cases

associated with large mass in the mediastinum (10-20%)

A

T-cell ALL

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32
Q

HALLMARK: Auer rods

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

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33
Q

most common leukemia in adults, and the incidence increases with age

A

Acute Myeloid Leukemia (AML)

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34
Q

Common abnormalities of AML

A

hyperuricemia, electrolytes (calcium, potassium, phosphate)

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35
Q

CELL MARKER: smudge cell

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

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36
Q

Majority of cases of CLL appears to involve —- lymphocytes

A

B lymphocytes

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37
Q

Clinical signs are lymphadenopathy, fatigue, weight loss, splenomegaly, and hepatomegaly

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

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38
Q

bone marrow and peripheral blood films show small lymphoid cells with a characteristically coarse chromatin (“soccer-ball” pattern), absent or inconspicuous nucleoli, and scant cytoplasm

A

Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

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39
Q

HALLMARK: Philadelphia chromosomes

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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40
Q

Transfer of long arm of chromosome 22 to 9

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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41
Q

All cases of CML are POSITIVE (+) for gene

A

BCR-ABL1

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42
Q

A myeloproliferative disorder characterized by pancytosis

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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43
Q

90% of cases are positive for Philadelphia chromosome t(9:22)

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

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44
Q

Chemicals predisposing factors for developing leukemia and lymphoma

A

Benzene, Hydrocarbons, hair dyes (organic
materials)

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45
Q

Environmental predisposing factors for developing leukemia and lymphoma

A

Ionizing radiation, insecticides, herbicides, and
fungicides

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46
Q

Drugs predisposing factors for developing leukemia and lymphoma

A

Alkylating agents, chloramphenicol

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47
Q

Viruses predisposing factors for developing leukemia and lymphoma

A

EBV, HIV, HTLV

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48
Q

Genetic syndrome predisposing factors for developing leukemia and lymphoma

A

Down syndrome, Fanconi anemia

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49
Q

Classified acute leukemia as presence of ≥30% blast in the peripheral blood and bone marrow

A

French American British (FAB)

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50
Q

FAB - SUBDIVIDE LEUKEMIA ACCORDING TO:

A
  1. Cellular morphology
  2. Cytochemical staining results.
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51
Q

Widely used to classify leukemia. It is now the standard classification in diagnosing leukemia

A

World Health Organization

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52
Q

defines acute leukemia as ≥ 20% peripheral blood and bone marrow blasts

A

World Health Organization

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53
Q

WHO - SUBDIVIDE LEUKEMIA ACCORDING TO:

A
  1. Cellular morphology
  2. Cytochemical stains(cytochemistry)
  3. Immunophenotyping (Flow cytometry)
  4. Cytogenetics abnormalities
  5. Clinical syndrome
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54
Q

Devoted to the laboratory study of visible chromosome abnormalities, such as deletions, translocations, and aneuploidy

A

Cytogenetic Analysis (Karyotyping)

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55
Q

Use of specialized stains to detect cellular enzymes and other chemicals in peripheral blood films and bone marrow aspirate smears. Used to differentiate hematologic diseases, especially leukemias.

A

Cytochemistry

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56
Q

Used to identify cells on the basis of the types of markers or antigens present on the cell’s surface, nucleus, or cytoplasm

A

IMMUNOPHENO TYPING (FLOW CYTOMETRY)

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57
Q

Anemia caused by bleeding and replacement of normal marrow elements by leukemic blasts

A

Acute Leukemias

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58
Q

Peripheral blood and bone marrow smear: more immature cells and blast cells

A

Acute Leukemias

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59
Q

ACUTE MYELOID LEKUEMIA (AML) is also called

A

Acute Myelogenous Leukemia; Acute Non-Lymphocytic Leukemia

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60
Q

WHO classification of AML not otherwise categorized; Undifferentiated blasts, AML— not otherwise categorized

Minimal differentiation

A

M0 (Myeloid)

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61
Q

Blasts and promyelocytes predominate without further maturation of myeloid cells

In other cases, the blasts resemble LYMPHOBLASTS, from which they
are differentiated by positivity to myeloperoxidase stains or Sudan black in
at least 3% of blast cells

A

M1 (myeloid)/ acute myeloblastic leukemia without maturation

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62
Q

demonstrate maturation beyond the blast and promyelocyte stage

Blasts may show azurophilic granules and Auer rods, and evidence of maturation is present

A

M2 (myeloid)/ acute myeloblastic leukemia with maturation.

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63
Q

Promyelocytes predominate in the bone marrow; DIC - most common cause of death

Highest number of Auer rods, collectively named as Faggot cells/Firewood
cells seen in bundles

A

M3 (promyelomonocytic)

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64
Q

AML associated with chromosomal translocation of 15:17

A

M3 (promyelomonocytic)

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65
Q

Monoblasts are large cells with round containing one or more prominent nuclei and abundant basophilic cytoplasm, sometimes with fine azurophilic granules, vacuoles, and PSEUDOPOD FORMATION

referred to as Naegeli type monocytic leukemia

A

acute myelomonocytic leukemia (M4)

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66
Q

AML characterized by large blasts in bone marrow and peripheral blood (common in young adults)

A

FAB M5a/ acute monoblastic leukemia

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67
Q

AML differentiated type by monoblasts, promonocytes, and monocytes (common during middle age)

A

FAB M5b/acute monocytic leukemia

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68
Q

SCHILLING’S TYPE leukemia WHO classification

A

Acute monoblastic and acute monocytic leukemia (M5a, M5b)

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69
Q

Abnormal proliferation of both erythroid and granulocytic precursors; may include abnormal megakaryocytic and monocytic proliferations

A

Erythroleukemia/Erythemic Myelosis or Di Guglielmo syndrome

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70
Q

Large and small megakaryoblasts with a high nuclear cytoplasmic ratio; pale, agranular cytoplasm

Dysplastic platelets may be visible in the blood, as may be circulating micromegakaryocytes and megakaryocyte fragments

A

M7 (megakaryocytic)/acute megakaryoblastic leukemia

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71
Q

Constitute 5% of AML
✓ At least 50% of the nucleated cells in the bone marrow is are erythroid

✓ At least of 20% of nonerythroid cells are myeloblast – the myeloblast are
similar to those in AML with and without maturation (M1 and M2)

A

Acute erythroid leukemia (M6a)

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72
Q

✓ Cases are very rare
✓ >80% of the marrow cells are erythroid
✓ The erythroblast has deeply basophilic, often agranular, cytoplasm that
may contain poorly delineated vacuoles
✓ The round nuclei have fine chromatin and one or more nuclei

A

M6(b): Pure Erythroid Leukemia

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73
Q

Positive control for MPO staining
AML minimally differentiated

A

mature granulocyte

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74
Q

Positive control for MPO staining in AML without maturation

A

Myelocyte

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75
Q

Classification of AML in four general groups according to WHO

A
  1. AML not otherwise categorized
  2. AML with recurrent genetic abnormalities
  3. AML with multilineage dysplasia
  4. AML and myelodsplastic syndromes, therapy-related
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76
Q

✓ 5%-10% of AML cases
✓ Predominantly younger patients
✓ Blasts – typically large, with abundant basophilic cytoplasm, often with
Auer rods and numerous, sometimes very large azurophilic granules

A

AML with t(8;21) (q22;q22)

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77
Q

✓ 10% of AML cases
✓ Primarily in younger patients
✓ The bone marrow usually has elements of both granulocytic and
monocytic differentiation combined with abnormal eosinophils
✓ M4eo in FAB classification or acute myelomonocytic leukemia with
abnormal eosinophils
✓ Eosinophil precursors contain abnormally large purple granules that can
be sufficiently numerous to obscure the nuclei

A

AML with inv (16) (p13q22) or t(16;16) (p13;q22)

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78
Q

✓ 5% of AML
✓ Acute promyelocytic leukemia
✓ Abnormal promyelocytes are present, either hypergranular or
hypogranular (microgranular)
✓ M3 or M3v in FAB classification
✓ In the hypergranular form, the cytoplasm is packed with pink, red, or
purple granules that are usually large, but may be fine.
✓ Bundles of Auer rods are present in most cases; the nuclei, which may be
bilobed, are irregular in size and variable in shape and maybe reniform
(kidney-shaped)

A

AML with t(15;17) (q22;q12) or acute promyelocytic leukemia

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79
Q

✓ 5% of AML cases
✓ Occurs at any age,but more common among children
✓ Monocytic differentiation, with monoblasts and promonocytes
predominating, is the most common morphologic pattern
✓ Patients may have gum infiltration, and DIC
✓ Monoblasts are large cells with round nuclei that usually contain lacy
chromatin and large prominent nucleoli
✓ The abundant basophilic and sometimes vacuolated cytoplasm may form
pseudopods and contain scattered, fine azurophilic granules.

A

AML with 11q23 abnormalities

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80
Q

Abnormal erythropoiesis is characterized by ringed sideroblasts, vacuolated cytoplasm, and nuclei that are multiple, fragmented, or megaloblastic

A

AML with multilineage dysplasia

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81
Q

Abnormal megakaryocytes are small or have single-lobed or multiple, discrete
nuclei

A

AML with multilineage dysplasia

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82
Q

AML and myelodsplastic syndromes, therapy-related occurs after theraphy with

A

topoisomerase II inhibitors (etoposide and doxorubicin)

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83
Q

3 stages of CML according to WHO

A
  1. Chronic phase (CML-CP )
  2. Accelerated phase (CML-AP )
  3. Blast phase (CML-BP )
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84
Q

CML PHASE: Basophils are universally increased
Eosinophilia is common
Serum LDH and uric acid - increased

A

Chronic Phase

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85
Q

CML Phase:

  1. Increasing white count and spleen size despite therapy
  2. Persistent thrombocytopenia (<100 x109/L) or thrombocytosis ( >1000 x 109/L ) despite treatment
  3. Blast making up 10% to 19% of bone marrow or peripheral wbc
  4. Peripheral blood basophilia of more than or equal to 20%
  5. Evidence of clonal evolution
A

Accelerated phase

86
Q

Blast phase: Large aggregates of blasts occurs in

A

Bone marrow

87
Q

WHO DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA FOR CML:

A
  1. Persistent monocytosis in the peripheral blood ( > 1x109/L)
  2. No Philadelphia chromosome on BCR/ABR fusion gene
  3. < 20% blasts (including myeloblasts, monoblast, or promonocyte) in the peripheral blood or bone marrow.
  4. Dysplasia in one or more myeloid lines.
88
Q

Characterized by hypercellular marrow, erythrocytosis, granulocytosis, and thrombocytosis, Myelofibrosis

A

Chronic Myeloproliferative Disorders

89
Q

gene that provides instructions in making a protein
for the promotion and development of cells

A

JAK2

90
Q

oncogene for Polycythemia vera, Chronic idiopathic myelofibrosis,
Essential thrombocythemia

A

JAK2 ONCOGENE

91
Q

Hallmark of Polycythemia Vera

A

Plethora

92
Q

Malignant hyperplasia of the multipotential myeloid stem cell causes
increase in all cell lines particularly the RBC and possible WBC and
platelets

A

Polycythemia Vera (PV)

93
Q

High blood viscosity
There is the possibility that ESR is low. Because the blood is viscous thus
the ESR rate is low

A

Polycythemia Vera (PV)

94
Q

Presents with proliferation of granulocytes

A

Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia (CML)

95
Q

Bone marrow ratio in chronic myelogenous leukemia

A

25:1

96
Q

Normal M:E ratio

A

3:1 or 4:1

97
Q

LAP is low
Philadelphia chromosome t(9;22)
Blast crisis

A

CHRONIC MYELOGENOUS LEUKEMIA

98
Q

Characterized by proliferation of megakaryocytes
Platelets >1000 x 109/L (Giant forms, platelet function abnormalities)

A

Essential Thrombocythemia (ET)

99
Q

A.K.A Primary Myelofibrosis

A

CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC MYELOFIBROSIS

100
Q

Myeloid stem cell disorder characterized by proliferation of erythroid, granulocytic, and megakaryocytic precursors in marrow with dyspoiesis

A

CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC MYELOFIBROSIS

101
Q

The LEAST COMMON BUT THE MOST AGGRESSIVE OF THE MPNS.
Teardrop cells (RBC)

A

CHRONIC IDIOPATHIC MYELOFIBROSIS

102
Q

Group of acquired clonal disorders affecting the pluripotential stem cells

A

MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MSDs)

103
Q

Characterized by progressive blood cytopenias (lower production of cells) despite bone marrow hyperplasia (increase production of cells)

A

MYELODYSPLASTIC SYNDROMES (MSDs)

104
Q

Anemia that is refractory (not responsive) to therapy
Bone marrow blasts <5% and peripheral blasts <1%

A

Refractory anemia

105
Q

Ringed sideroblasts comprise more than 15% of bone marrow nucleated cells
Dimorphic erythrocytes

A

Refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts (RARS)

106
Q

✓ Presents with leukocytosis
✓ Bone marrow blasts 5-20% and peripheral blood blasts <5%
✓ Absolute monocytosis >1.0 x 109/L

A

Chronic myelomonocytic leukemia (CMML)

107
Q

✓ Trilineage cytopenias ( decrease RBC, WBC, & platelets)
✓ Bone marrow and peripheral blood blasts are the same as with CMML, but there is no absolute monocytosis

A

Refractory anemia with excess blasts (RAEB)

108
Q

✓ Bone marrow blast >20% but less than 30%; peripheral blood blasts >5%
✓ WHO classification reassigns RAEB-t as an acute leukemia instead of a myelodysplastic syndrome

A

Refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation (RAEB-t)

109
Q

Hallmark of Hodgkins Lymphoma (HL)

A

Reed-Sternberg cells

110
Q

the most common cancer in children, representing 23% of cancer diagnoses among children younger than 15 years of age.

A

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (ALL)

111
Q

Higher survival rate than lymphoma

A

Hodkins Lymphoma (HL)

112
Q

ALL: Lymphoblast is small and homogenous (same shape) having a nucleus and scanty cytoplasm (children below 15 years old)

A

L1

113
Q

Lymphoblast is large and heterogeneous in PBS having cleft nuclei (older children and adults)

A

L2

114
Q

ALL:

Lymphoblast is still large and homogenous with prominent vacuolation (white holes) and deeply basophilic in PBS
Epstein Barr virus (EBV) is seen (patients with leukemia secondary to Burkitts`s lymphoma)

A

L3

115
Q

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (FAB CLASSIFICATION):
✓Lymphoblasts are small and homogenous, varies little in size
✓ Scanty cytoplasm and inconspicuous nucleoli; nucleus is round and irregular/indistinct in shape;
✓ Most common CHILDHOOD ALL with best prognosis

A

ALL L1

116
Q

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (FAB CLASSIFICATION): ✓ Lymphoblasts are large and heterogenous, variable in size
✓ Abundant, basophilic cytoplasm, and the nuclei are often
clefted with nucleoli present
✓ Adult type ALL

A

ALL L2

117
Q

ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA (FAB CLASSIFICATION)
✓ Burkitt-Type
✓ Lymphoblasts are large, homogenous and vacuolated
✓ Rarest subclass, can be found in both children and adult
✓ poor prognosis

A

ALL L3

118
Q

✓ about 75% of cases occur in children younger than 6 years old
✓ About 85% of ALL are this type

A

PRECURSOR BCELL ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC
LEUKEMIA

119
Q

ALL:

(+): enlarged lymph nodes, liver, and spleen
✓ Leukocyte count: variable

A

PRECURSOR BCELL ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC
LEUKEMIA

120
Q

✓ Lymphoblasts are pleomorphic and vary from
small to large with nuclei having prominent or
inconspicuous nucleoli, compact or dispersed
chromatin
✓ The blue or blue-gray cytoplasm is usually scant
(but may be abundant)

A

PRECURSOR BCELL ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC
LEUKEMIA

121
Q

✓ Coarse azurophilic granules may be present
✓ neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the B-cell lineage

A

PRECURSOR BCELL ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC
LEUKEMIA

122
Q

✓ accounts for about 15% of childhood ALL
✓ about 25% of adult ALL
✓ leukocyte count is often markedly elevated

A

PRECURSOR TCELL ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC
LEUKEMIA

123
Q

✓ lymphoblasts are similar to those in precursor
B-cell ALL with a wide variation in morphology
✓ neoplasm of lymphoblasts committed to the
T-cell lineage

A

PRECURSOR TCELL ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC
LEUKEMIA

124
Q

Genetic translocations of FAB L3/ Burkitt lymphoma

A

t(8;14)

125
Q

Genetic translocations of Pre-B cell ALL

A

t(19;22)

126
Q

Genetic translocations of B cell ALL

A

t(4;11)

127
Q

Genetic translocations of T cell ALL

A

t(7;11)

128
Q

CD marker characteristics: ✓ CD19, CD34, TdT
(+)
✓ CD10 (CALLA) (-)

A

Progenitor B cells

129
Q

CD marker characteristics: ✓ CD10 (CALLA), CD19, CD34, TdT (+)

A

Early pre-B cells ALL

130
Q

CD marker characteristics: ✓ CD10 (CALLA), CD19, CD20, TdT (+)

A

Pre-B cells ALL

131
Q

CD marker characteristics: ✓ CD19, CD20
(+)
✓ TdT (-)

A

B cells ALL

132
Q

CD marker characteristics : CD2, CD3, CD5, CD7 (pan T cell markers)

A

T cell lineage

133
Q

TdT result is positive for —–

A

immature T cells

134
Q

T cell ALL common finding

A

mediastinal mass

135
Q

TRAP stain POSITIVE

A

Hairy cell leukemia

136
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy causes B cell production of excessive IgG or IgA

A

Multiple Myeloma

137
Q

Monoclonal gammopathy causes B cell production of excessive IgM (macroglobulin) and decreased production of the other immunoglobulins

A

WALDENSTROM MACROGLOBULINEMIA

138
Q

Multiple myeloma identification on serum protein electrophoresis

A

M:-spike in gamma-globulin region

139
Q

Protein seen in multiple myeloma

A

Bence Jones

140
Q

✓ a form of multiple myeloma
✓ increased (↑) numbers of plasma cells are found in the blood rather in the
BM

A

Plasma Cell Leukemia

141
Q

Heavy chain disease is characterized by the production of ——– of Ig

A

gamma, alpha, or mu

142
Q

Most common heavy chain disease

A

Alpha chain disease

143
Q

Franklin’s disease is associated with what Immunoglobulin

A

Gamma

144
Q

Rarest heavy chain disease

A

Mu chain

145
Q

WHO classification considers CLL and — as one entity with different clinical presentations

A

Small Lymphocytic Leukemia (SLL)

146
Q

Proliferation of malignant cells in solid lymphatic tissues

A

Lymphomas

147
Q

includes the various forms of leukemias and malignant lymphomas that are of lymphoreticular origin

A

Lymphoproliferative disorder

148
Q

group of closely related disorders that are characterized by the overproliferation of one or more types of cells of the lymphoid system such as lymphoreticular stem cells, lymphocytes, reticular cells and histiocytes

A

Lymphomas

149
Q

a deviation from the diploid number of chromosomes (can be increased or decreased)

A

Aneuploidy

150
Q

Normal number of chromosomes

A

46

151
Q

Trisonomy chromosome number

A

47

152
Q

Monosomy chromosome number

A

45

153
Q

Chromosomes with recurring numerical abnormality

A

1,2,5,12,21

154
Q

Most frequent type of NHL

A

diffuse large B-cell lymphoma

155
Q

✓ 40% lymphomas
✓ Associated with Epstein-Barr virus
✓ REED-STERNBERG cells (RS)
✓ B cell lineage

A

Hodgkin Lymphoma

156
Q

✓ 60%
lymphomas
✓ B cell neoplasms:
a. Mantle cell
b. Follicular
c. Burkitt

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma

157
Q

✓ Causes skin itching leading to ulcerative tumors
✓ Sezary syndrome
✓ CD2, CD3, and CD4 positive.

A

MYCOSIS FUNGOIDES
(Cutaneous T cell lymphoma)

158
Q

leukemic phase of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma

A

Sezary Syndrome

159
Q

typically the size of a small lymphocyte and has a dark-staining, clumped, nuclear chromatin pattern

A

SEZARY CELL

160
Q

Preferred specimen for diagnosing leukemia

A

Smears and imprints (BM, Lymph nodes, spleen, preipheral blood)

161
Q

Stains for non-enzymatic smears

A

Periodic acid schiff (PAS); Sudan black

162
Q

CBC reference value for leukocyte count

A

3.4 – 9.7 X 10^9/L

163
Q

LEUKOCYTOPENIA value

A

< 3 X 10^9/L

164
Q

LEUKOCYTOSIS value

A

> 10 X 10^9/L

165
Q

Too light pressure effect on smear

A

thick smear

166
Q

Too heavy pressure on smear effect

A

thin smear

167
Q

enzyme found in the myeloid cells

A

myeloperoxidase

168
Q

Peroxidase is present in primary granules of

A

neutrophils, granules of eosinophils and monocytes

169
Q

Positive reaction of myeloperoxidase

A

yellow-brown stain

170
Q

Anticoagulant that inhibits peroxidase reaction

A

EDTA

171
Q

Stain specific for lipids

A

Sudan black B

172
Q

Sudan black B stains type of lipids

A

Neutral fat, phospholipids, sterols

173
Q

Cytochemical reaction that allows distinction between cells of monocyte lineage and cells of neutrophil lineage

A

esterases

174
Q

most suitable identifying monoblastic types of leukemia

A

1-naphthyl-acetate-esterase

175
Q

Positive result for esterases

A

brightly red-brown or black-brown precipitate

176
Q

Two substrate esters commonly used

A

a-napthyl acetate; a-napthyl butyrate

177
Q

Specific estarase

A

a-Naphthyl AS-d chloroacetate esterase

178
Q

Nonspecific esterases react best at ph

A

6.0 - 6.3

179
Q

inhibits the monocyte, megakaryocyte, platelets and plasma cells but not that in granulocyte and lymphocytes.

A

sodium fluorides

180
Q

Alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase is strongest in

A

monocytes, macrophages, megakaryocytes, and platelets

181
Q

Positive result for a-Naphthyl AS-d

A

red granules

182
Q

Reaction that stains polysaccharides

A

Periodic acid schiff

183
Q

Stains most carbohydrates in all red cells except PRONORMOBLAST

A

Periodic acid schiff

184
Q

Positive result for PAS

A

magenta or purple

185
Q

Leukocyte Alkaline Phosphatase is used to differentiate

A

chronic myelogenous leukemia from a leukemoid reaction

186
Q

indicated by red granular precipitate and is demonstrable in most cells of the hematopoietic system

A

Acid phosphatase

187
Q

Intense activity of acid phosphatase is seen in

A

osteoclasts and some macrophages

188
Q

Anticoagulant for flow cytometry

A

heparin or EDTA

189
Q

To test the specimen viability for trypan blue exclusion or flow cytometry, specimen is stained with

A

propidium iodide

190
Q

After cytocentrifugation, sample for flow cytometry is stained with

A

a cocktail of fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies

191
Q

study of chromosomes, their structure, and their inheritance

A

cytogenetics

192
Q

h kill cells that are moving through the cell cycle, regardless of whether the cells are G1,G2,S,or M phase

A

Cycle-specific agents

193
Q

kill nondividing cells or cells in the resting state

A

Cycle-nonspecific agents

194
Q

mechanism: ionize within cells, forming highly reactive free radicals that damage DNA

A

Alkylating agents

195
Q

Agents of plant alkaloids

A

vincristine and vinblastine

196
Q

Commonly used tumor antibiotics include

A

daunonubicin and doxorubicin (Adriamycin)

197
Q

Antimetabolites affects what cell phase

A

S phase

198
Q

producing unstable ions that damage the DNA and may cause instant or delayed death of the cell

A

radiation theraphy

199
Q

most affected during radiation theraphy

A

hematopoietic system, the GIT, and the skin

200
Q

found in 95% of PV patients and contributes to the pathogenesis of the disease.

A

JAK2 V617F mutation

201
Q

characterized by small B lymphocytes with abundant cytoplasm and fine cytoplasmic projections.

A

Hairy Cell leukemia

202
Q

include a strong acid phosphatase reaction that is not inhibited by tartaric acid or tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) stain.

A

Hairy Cell leukemia

203
Q

lymphoproliferative disorder characterized by medium-sized lymphoid cells with irregular nuclear outlines
derived from the follicular mantle zone

A

Mantle Cell Lymphoma

204
Q

Follicular lymphoma originates from

A

germinal center B cells

205
Q

characterized by medium- sized, highly proliferating lymphoid cells with basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

206
Q

Lymphoid proliferation shows prominent starry sky pattern

A

Burkitt Lymphoma

207
Q

most common cutaneous lymphoma affecting T lymphocytes

A

Mycosis fungoides &
Sezary Syndrome

208
Q

Morphologic evidence:

✓ Oval macrocytes
✓ Hypochromic microcytes
✓ Dimorphic red blood cell (RBC) population
✓ RBC precursors with more than one nucleus
✓ RBC precursors with abnormal nuclear shapes
✓ RBC precursors with uneven cytoplasmic staining
✓ Ring sideroblasts

A

Dyserythropoiesis

209
Q

Morphologic evidence:

✓ Persistent basophilic cytoplasm
✓ Abnormal granulation
✓ Abnormal nuclear shapes
✓ Uneven cytoplasmic staining

A

Dysmyelopoiesis

210
Q

Morphologic evidence:

✓ Giant platelets
✓ Platelets with abnormal granulation
✓ Circulating micromegakaryocytes
✓ Large mononuclear megakaryocytes
✓ Micromegakaryocytes or micromegakaryoblasts or both
✓ Abnormal nuclear shapes in the megakaryocytes/megakaryoblasts

A

Dysmegakaryopoiesis

MTAP 2 FINALS (4 decks)

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