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National Counselor Exam > Helping Relationships > Flashcards

Helping Relationships Flashcards

1
Q

Roger’s 6 Conditions for Change

A

Psychological contact, client incongruence, counselor congruence, counselor unconditional positive regard, counselor empathy, client perception of the relationship

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2
Q

5 Factor Model OCEAN

A

(Personality breakdown) Openness, Conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

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3
Q

Stages of counseling (3 key stages)

A

Relationship building, action/intervention, termination

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4
Q

Stages of Change (SOC)

A

Precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, termination (Prochaska, DiClemente, Norcross)

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5
Q

Precontemplation

A

Unaware problem exists, and no intention to change. People often in counseling bc of other’s pressure

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6
Q

Contemplation

A

People aware that a problem exists and realize benefits to change. Think about cons of changing though

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7
Q

Preparation

A

Not yet able to take successful action to change, but fully intending to make changes in near future

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8
Q

Action

A

People begin to modify their behaviors and take visible action towards change

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9
Q

Maintenance

A

Individuals free from original problem and able to sustain action for extended periods of time, preventing relapse

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10
Q

Termination

A

Change process completed

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11
Q

Psychological first aid

A

Used to respond to people who experienced disaster, terror attack, or other disturbing event. Basic needs must be met first, then connect individual to family/community

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12
Q

Attending (2 types of encouragers) (counseling skill)

A

Verbal and nonverbal, used by counselor to show they are actively listening and interested. 2 types of encouragers (door openers, and minimal encourages)

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13
Q

Questioning (2 types) (counseling skill)

A

Open and closed

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14
Q

Reflecting (counseling skill)

A

Used to show you understand the client’s emotions. Express empathy, encourage further discussion

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15
Q

Paraphrasing (counseling skill)

A

Repeating the essence of what client has said in your own words

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16
Q

Summarizing (counseling skill)

A

Use at end of session to recap

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17
Q

Empathetic understanding (counseling skill)

A

Counselor’s ability to accurately understand client’s perspective in situation, but remain separate from client’s experience

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18
Q

Confronting (counseling skill)

A

Inform clients about discrepancies in their words/behaviors/feelings/nonverbal communication in order to increase self awareness

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19
Q

Interpreting (counseling skill)

A

Suggest possible reasons for client behavior/thoughts/feelings, help them find hidden meaning

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20
Q

Self-disclosure (counseling skill)

A

Sharing personal info to help connect with client, give feedback

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21
Q

Feedback (counseling skill)

A

Share thoughts, feelings, impressions about the client directly with him/her. Help client gain self awareness

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22
Q

Giving information (counseling skill)

A

Provide client with info to help achieve goals

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23
Q

Psychodynamic Theorists

A

Freud, Adler, Jung

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24
Q

Determinism

A

People’s actions are predetermiend by forces of which they are unaware

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25
Q

Psychoanalysis

A

Freud, unconscious, unresolved psychosexual development, coping mechanisms

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26
Q

Conscious mind

A

Aware of everything occuring in the present

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27
Q

Preconscious mind

A

memories and knowledge that are easily recalled

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28
Q

Unconscious mind

A

Memories, instincts, drives that are difficult to bring to consciousness

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29
Q

Id

A

pleasure principle, selfish, primitive drives

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30
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle, balances id and superego

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31
Q

Superego

A

Morality principle, exists in unconsicous. Urges you to do the right thing

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32
Q

Transference

A

Client brings feelings from past relationship onto the counseling relationship

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33
Q

Countertransference

A

Clinician transfer feelings from past relationship onto client

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34
Q

Free association (psychoanalytic techniques)

A

Client decrease self-censorship, explore unconscious, speak about early life memories

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35
Q

Dream analysis (psychoanalytic techniques)

A

Clients asked to pay attention and remember dreams, then psychoanalyst interprets dreams

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36
Q

Manifest content (psychoanalytic techniques)

A

Symbolism in dreams with meaning that is easily perceived

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37
Q

Latent content (psychoanalytic techniques)

A

Symbolism in dreams that is harder to understand

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38
Q

Individual Psychology

A

Adler

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39
Q

Inferiority complex

A

feeling inferior to others. affects ability to live healthy lives.

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40
Q

Superiority complex

A

stems from overcompensation

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41
Q

Birth order: Firstborn

A

leaders of family

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42
Q

Second children

A

Try to different from firstborn, competitive. More relaxed and easy going. More time getting parents attn

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43
Q

Middle children

A

Often feel left out, but adaptable

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44
Q

Youngest Children

A

pampered, spoiled, hard time acting independently

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45
Q

Only children

A

Not as socially adept. Spoiled, but often excel in pursuits

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46
Q

Phenomenological philosophy

A

Person’s perception of events that influence lifestyle

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47
Q

Lifestyle analysis (adlerian technique)

A

Interview clients about early life memories, relationships with family

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48
Q

Encouragement (adlerian technique)

A

Counselor tells client they can make important lifestyle changes

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49
Q

Acting “as if” (adlerian technique)

A

Act as if you are confident in yourself. Act like person you want to be

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50
Q

Asking the question (adlerian technique)

A

How would your life be different if you were well?

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51
Q

Spitting in client’s soup (adlerian technique)

A

point out certain client behaviors so that behavior no longer seems as desirable to client

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52
Q

Catching oneself (adlerian technique)

A

gain awareness of self defeating thoughts and behaviors

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53
Q

Push button (adlerian technique)

A

teach client they play a role in maintaining their problems. They have control over who they respond to, perceive, and recollect people and events

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54
Q

Jungian Analytic Psychology

A

Focus on larger culture, spirituality, dreams, symbolism

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55
Q

Individuation (Jung)

A

Discovering one’s true inner self

56
Q

Personal unconscious (Jung)

A

Unique to individual and includes memories, desires, drives that at one time were conscious but have been forgotten

57
Q

Collective unconcious (Jung)

A

Shared by entire human race, archetypes (overarching human tendencies)

58
Q

Archetypes (Jung)

A

Inherent templates for human thought/behavior

59
Q

The self (archetypes) (Jung)

A

conscious and unconscious aspects of person. primary archetype

60
Q

The persona (archetypes) (Jung)

A

Mask that humans wear. Allows people to change their behavior depending on social situation

61
Q

Shadow (archetypes) (Jung)

A

repressed or unknown aspects of each person. destructive or constructive. Positive and negative

62
Q

Anima/Animus (archetypes) (Jung)

A

Anima: female traits (irrational), animus: male (rational)

63
Q

Complex (Jung)

A

Develops as a result of repressed thoughts and desires in unconsious

64
Q

Personality Types (Jung)

A

Introversion/Extraversion, sensation/intuition, thinking/feeling (MBTI)

65
Q

Dream interpretation (Jung)

A

help clients understand personal meaning behind dreams

66
Q

Explication (Jung)

A

Used to help clients determine the reason why certain objects appear in their dreams

67
Q

Amplification (Jung)

A

Amplify an image of dream. Help analyst identify central archetypes and possible meanings behind dreams

68
Q

Active Imagination (Jung)

A

clients actively talk to the characters in their dreams

69
Q

Cognitive-Behavioral Theories

A

Aaron Beck, REBT (Ellis), Meichenbaum, Reality Choice (Glasser)

70
Q

Shaping (behavioral counseling technique)

A

technique that reinforces successive approximations of a desired behavior (client afraid of flying encouraged to just go to the airport)

71
Q

Maintenance (behavioral counseling technique)

A

clients’ ability to perform desired behavior without reinforcement or help

72
Q

Extinction (behavioral counseling technique)

A

termination of a behavior by withholding reinforcement

73
Q

behavioral rehearsal/role-playing (behavioral counseling technique)

A

clients practice/rehearse new behaviors in safe environment until they feel confident

74
Q

Environmental planning (behavioral counseling technique)

A

have clients rearrange their environments to encourage or discourage certain behaviors

75
Q

Assertiveness training (behavioral counseling technique)

A

teach clients difference between aggression, passivity, assertiveness

76
Q

Contingency contracts (behavioral counseling technique)

A

list of desired behaviors in chart or table. mostly with children

77
Q

token economy (behavioral counseling technique)

A

most with children. tokens for good behavior. can be traded for primary reinforcers

78
Q

response cost (behavioral counseling technique)

A

reduce undesirable behavior by removing positive reinforcement

79
Q

Implosion/implosive therapy (behavioral counseling technique)

A

have clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them anxiety until they become desensitized to them

80
Q

time out (behavioral counseling technique)

A

punishment that removes child so they cant receive positive reinforcement

81
Q

Overcorrection (behavioral counseling technique)

A

punishment that requires client to return environment to original condition prior to undesirable behavior and then make the environment better (child who throws tantrum and toys everywhere has to then pick up toys but also sweep floor)

82
Q

Cognitive-behavior modification (Meichenbaum)

A

Self-talk to change the way you react/respond to situations. Cognitive restructuring, self-instructional training, stress inoculation training (SIT)

83
Q

Cognitive Therapy (Aaron Beck)

A

If clients can change cognitions, they can change their negative thoughts/feelings/actions.

84
Q

Automatic thoughts (Beck)

A

immediate, unhealthy internal cognitions

85
Q

Dichotomous thinking (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

All-or-nothing thinking. must be perfect.

86
Q

Selective abstraction (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

When people focus only on negative aspects of situation, rather than looking at big picture

87
Q

Overgeneralization (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

clients reach conclusion based on limited information or experience

88
Q

Catastrophize (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

Exaggerate personal flaws or sitautions

89
Q

Labeling (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

people define themselves according to perceived imperfections

90
Q

Mind reading (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

people believe they know what others are thinking about htem

91
Q

Fortune telling (distorted thinking - Beck)

A

when people anticipate without any reason that something bad will happen

92
Q

Cognitive rehearsal (cog therapy techniques)

A

help clients practice using their new thoughts before implementing in real situation

93
Q

Homework (cog therapy techniques)

A

reinforce learning and skill acquisition outside of therapy

94
Q

Scriptotherapy (cog therapy techniques)

A

therapeutic writing - write their thoughts

95
Q

Thought stopping (cog therapy techniques)

A

teach clients how to interrupt a pattern of negative self-statements or thinking.

96
Q

REBT (Ellis)

A

ABCDE, irrational thoughts

97
Q

Irrational thoughts (Ellis)

A

must, should, have to, supposed to

98
Q

ABCDE of REBT (Ellis)

A

Activating event, Belief system (rational or irrational), emotional Consequence (beneficial or detrimental), irrational believes must be Disputed, and develop Effective new philosophy

99
Q

Reverse role-playing (REBT techniques)

A

use to show clients how to dispute iBs. dispute irrational beliefs

100
Q

Rational emotive imagery (REBT techniques)

A

client asked to imagine anxiety-provoking situation. client urged to flood self with all iBs. then construct new belief

101
Q

Reality Therapy and Choice Theory (Glasser)

A

people make choices to their 5 needs: survival, belonging, power, freedom, fun. Reality therapy helps people regain control over choices in their lives

102
Q

WDEP (Reality therapy)

A

Wants, Doing, Evaluation, Plan

103
Q

Humanistic-Existentail Theories

A

Client-centered (Rogers), Existential (Frankl, May, Yalom, Gestalt (Perls),

104
Q

Client-centered (Rogers)

A

Client set pace of counseling and determine focus for each session. Concentrate on good therapeutic relationship

105
Q

Phenomenological persective (client-centered)

A

counselors focus on how clients perceive and event rather than the event itself

106
Q

Core counseling conditions

A

Genuineness/congruence, respect/unconditional positive regard, empathy

107
Q

Existential (Frankl and May)

A

Help clients find meaning and value in their lives, and explore philosophical concepts (life, death, freedom)

108
Q

Free will (existential)

A

Existentialists believe that people have free will, and everyone has ability to change their lives, improve relationships,e tc

109
Q

Logotherapy (Frankl)

A

focus on persons’ search for meaning in life

110
Q

Existential vacuum (frankl)

A

without meaning, clients experience this. meaningless.

111
Q

Existential dilemmas (Yalom)

A

Death, freedom/responsibility, isolation, meaninglessness

112
Q

Anxiety (Rollo May)

A

explore clients’ anxiety, find meaning in it, help them work through it

113
Q

Paradoxical intention (existential techniques)

A

prescribe the symptom

114
Q

Gestalt (Perls)

A

Takes into consideration the whole person

115
Q

4 worlds

A

Umwelt (physical dimension), mitwelt (social world), eigenwelt (my world), uberwelt (ideal world)

116
Q

Homeostasis (Gestalt-Perls)

A

Humans seek to maintain a sense of balance. Can be mental or physical

117
Q

Holistic Doctrine (Gestalt-Perls)

A

Mind-body connection

118
Q

Contact boundary (Gestalt-Perls)

A

When people make contact with their environment. Can be healthy or unhealthy.

119
Q

Unfinished Business (Gestalt-Perls)

A

the past which remains in the present

120
Q

Here and now therapy (Gestalt Techniques)

A

Clients encouraged to discuss what is bothering them in that moment

121
Q

Psychodrama (Gestalt Techniques)

A

Have clients play variety of roles simultaneously.

122
Q

Empty chair (Gestalt Techniques)

A

clients pretend to talk to someone in conflict with

123
Q

Narrative therapy (White and Epston)

A

Individuals reauthor their lives. People construct stories about themselves (self-narratives). Problem saturated stories. Dominant narratives (cultural customs that adversely affect their lives)

124
Q

Thin/thick descriptions (narrative)

A

Thin description: self narrative, one that is imposed on a person by others

Thick: client’s interpretation of themselves and the labels put on them by others

125
Q

Outside witnesses (narrative techniques)

A

witnesses sometimes brought into session to help clients gain outside persepctive

126
Q

Definitional ceremony (narrative techniques)

A

clients tell their new stories to an audience of outside witnesses.

127
Q

Therapeutic letters (narrative techniques)

A

narrative therapists often write letters to clients after a session, to review what was discussed and highlight important moments

128
Q

Solution Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT - deShazer)

A

All individuals have ability to solve problems. change client and instill hope

129
Q

SFBT Core beliefs

A

if clients are already doing something that works, keep doing it. If clients try something that doesnt work, stop doing it. if clients try something that works, do more of it

130
Q

Visitors, Complainants, Customers (SFBT)

A

Visitors: clients who are not read or willing to change

Complainants: clients who recognize there is a problem and can define it but aren’t committed to solving it

Customers: recognize a problem to be fixed and are committed

131
Q

Miracle question (SFBT technique)

A

if a miracle happened and you woke up to find that your problem was solved, what would be different?

132
Q

Scaling questions (SFBT technique)

A

on a scale of 1 to 10, how close are you to meeting your goal?

133
Q

Positive blame (SFBT technique)

A

reinforce client’s capabilities when they successfully made a change or engage in behavior that brings them closer to their goal

134
Q

Skeleton keys (SFBT technique)

A

techniques that have worked before and have universal application

135
Q

Transactional Analysis (Berne)

A

parent (criticism or nuturance), adult (rational, no emotion), child (natural (playful spontaneous) /adapted (obedience inhibition))

National Counselor Exam (2 decks)

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