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Immunology. 10. The TH-1 and TH-2 Systems. > Helper T Cells. > Flashcards

Helper T Cells. Flashcards

1
Q

What 2 immune cells are helped by T helper cells?

A

B cells.

Cytotoxic T cells.

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2
Q

When can naive T cells be activated?

A

When they are presented an antigen by a dendritic cell.

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3
Q

What tissues will naive T helper cells always be activated in?

A

The secondary lymphoid organs.

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4
Q

What is a naive T cell?

A

A mature lymphocyte that has not interacted with its antigen.

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5
Q

When will a T cell go from naive to activated?

A

When it is presented with its antigen.

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6
Q

What cells can helper T cells present antigens to?

A

Cytotoxic T cells.

B cells.

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7
Q

When can a T cell interact with other immune cells?

A

After it has seen an antigen.

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8
Q

Can helper T cells interact with APCs?

A

Yes.

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9
Q

Why can helper T cells interact with multiple APCs?

A

Because T cells have so many receptors on their cell surface.

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10
Q

What happens once a naive T cells TCR has bound to an antigen?

A

The T cell proliferates and differentiates.

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11
Q

Why do B cells and cytotoxic T cells need help from T cells?

A

As they cannot have a good response without help from T helper cells.

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12
Q

What are the 2 main types of T helper cells?

A

TH1 and TH2 cells.

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13
Q

What is a TH-0 cell?

A

A naive T cell in the lymph node.

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14
Q

What are the 4 cell types that can be formed once a naive T cell has been presented with an antigen?

A

TH-1.

TH-2.

TH-17.

T-REG.

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15
Q

What dictates what type of helper T cell is formed following antigen presentation?

A

The cytokines that are present.

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16
Q

What are T-REGs?

A

T-regulatory cells which are anti inflammatory and shut down immune responses.

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17
Q

What do T-REG cells help to regulate?

A

Autoimmunity.

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18
Q

What is the major function of T-REG cells?

A

To end immune responses when a disease has been cured.

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19
Q

What are the most potent inflammatory cells and can cause a lot of autoimmune reactions?

A

TH-17 cells.

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20
Q

What form of immunity are TH-1 cells associated with?

A

Cell mediated immunity.

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21
Q

Why are TH-1 cells often called pro-inflammatory T helper cells?

A

As the cytokines they secrete activate macrophages.

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22
Q

What form of immunity are TH-2 cells associated with?

A

Humoral immunity.

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23
Q

What is the major role of TH-2 cells?

A

They help B cells produce the correct antibodies to fight extracellular pathogens.

24
Q

Do TH-1 and TH-2 cell function at the same time?

A

No, they are antagonistic.

25
Q

What is the function of IL-2 in T cell differentiation?

A

It helps T helper cells to go from undifferentiated T helper cells to a TH-1 cell.

26
Q

What T helper cells are involved in cell mediated immunity?

A

TH-1 cells.

27
Q

What T helper cells secrete IL-2?

A

TH-1 cells.

28
Q

How does IL-2 affect T cell activation?

A

It leads to the proliferation of all T cells.

29
Q

Why do TH-1 cells secrete interferon gamma?

A

As interferon gamma activates macrophages.

30
Q

What interleukin is responsible for causing undifferentiated T helper cells to from TH-2 cells?

A

IL-4.

31
Q

What 2 interleukins are secreted by activated TH-2 cells?

A

IL-4 and IL-5.

32
Q

What is the function of IL-4?

A

It helps TH-2 cells communicate with B cells.

33
Q

What is the function of IL-5?

A

It activates eosinophils.

34
Q

If TH-1 cells are active, will there be many TH-2 cells active?

A

No, and vice versa.

35
Q

What are the 2 cytokines associated with TH-1 cells?

A

IL-2.

Interferon gamma.

36
Q

What is the function of interferon gamma?

A

It activates macrophages.

37
Q

What is the function of IL-2?

A

It activates T cells, B cells and NK cells.

38
Q

What cytokines are secreted by TH-2 cells?

A

IL-4.

IL-5.

39
Q

What is the function of IL-4?

A

It stimulates B cell proliferation and helps to neutralise antibody production.

40
Q

What is the best neutralising antibody?

A

IGG.

41
Q

How does IGG function as a neutralising antibody?

A

It binds to a microbe and prevents it from performing its function.

42
Q

What is the function of IL-5?

A

It helps with B cell responses and activates eosinophils.

43
Q

What CD molecules are always found on T helper cells?

A

CD-4.

44
Q

What happens when naive T cells differentiate into TH-1 cells?

A

They produce interferon gamma to activate macrophages.

45
Q

What innate immune cell is activated when TH-1 cells are formed?

A

Macrophages.

46
Q

What innate immune cell is activated when TH-2 cells are formed?

A

They produce IL-4 and IL-5.

47
Q

What is the function of immune profiling?

A

To differentiate between TH-1 and TH-2 cells.

48
Q

How do we perform immune profiling?

A

We stain to differentiate interferon gamma and IL-4.

TH-1 are interferon gamma positive and IL-4 negative.

TH-2 cells are interferon gamma negative and IL-4 positive.

49
Q

Why do we perform immune profiling?

A

To know whether a pathogen is mediated by TH-1 or TH-2 cells.

50
Q

Why is it important to know whether a pathogen is mediated by TH-1 or TH-2 cells?

A

It helps us understand whether the pathogen initiates a cell mediated response or a humoral response.

This allows us to tailor drugs to the pathogen.

51
Q

What is the role of cytotoxic T cells?

A

To recognise and kill virally infected cells, tumour cells and MHC incompatible cells.

52
Q

What must cells display on their MHC-1 if they are to be killed by an NK cell?

A

An endogenous foreign antigen.

A tumour antigen.

A foreign MHC.

53
Q

How do T helper cells interact with B cells?

A

T helper cells help to activate B cells.

54
Q

Why do TH-2 cells secrete IL-4?

A

It helps a B cell differentiate into a plasma cell.

55
Q

What T cells tend to dictate adaptive immunity?

A

CD4+ T cells.

Immunology. 10. The TH-1 and TH-2 Systems. (3 decks)

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