Helmintology Flashcards
1
Q
Nowadays we have started to use Praziquantel in horse deworming. Why is that? (?)
A
Because Amitraz is not useful
2
Q
Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:
A
Thelaziosis
Onchocercosis
3
Q
Eye disease in grazing Horse via nematodes:
A
- L3 of Draschia megastoma
- Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis
- Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis
- Microfilariae of Setaria equine
4
Q
Skin surface migration in humans called:
A
Cutaneous larva migrans – Parasitic worm infection caused by hookworm larvae
5
Q
They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:
A
Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)
6
Q
Which is not related to the others?
A
Cercaria
Related: Procercoid, Plerocercoid, Cysticercoid
7
Q
Developmental phases of Flukes:
A
Usually 5 stages – Egg - MI – SPO – RE – CE (- Adult)
8
Q
At least how many larval stages do the Flukes have?
A
5
9
Q
General life-cycle of Trematodes:
A
Egg - Discharged either in open water or in intestine of definitive host.
Miracidium (plural miracidia) - A free-living motile form, it is covered with cilia, and settles in the mollusc to become a sporocyst.
Sporocyst - An elongated sac, it produces either rediae or more sporocysts.
Redia (plural rediae) - A larval form with an oral sucker, it will produce either more
rediae, or cercariae.
Cercaria (plural cercariae) - The larval form of the parasite, it develops within the germinal cells of the sporocyst or redia. A cercaria has a tapering head with large penetration glands. It may or may not have a long swimming “tail”, depending on the species. The motile cercaria finds and settles in a host where it will become either an adult, or a mesocercaria, or a metacercaria, according to species.
Mesocercaria - A cercaria little modified but resting.
Metacercaria - A cercaria encysted and resting.
Cercaria is also used as a genus of trematodes, when adult forms are not known.
Adult - The fully developed mature stage, it is capable of sexual reproduction.
10
Q
Which developmental form comes after MIracidium?
A
SPOrocyst
11
Q
This larval stage follows the REdia stage:
A
CErcaria
12
Q
Larva leaving intermediate host:
A
CErcaria
13
Q
What occurs after Metacercariae?
A
Adult
14
Q
It can occur in the environment:
A
Metacercaria
15
Q
Which Flukes don’t occur in the intestines?
A
- F. hepatica
- D. dendriticum
- Paramphistomum spp.
Fluke in small intestine: A. alaria
16
Q
Trematode (Flukes) egg can be detected via:
A
FEC Faecal Egg Count in Paramphistomum – Chronic form, Dicrocoeliosis, Schistosoma
except Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum spp. acute form
17
Q
Drug to use against Flukes?
A
- Liver flukes - Triclabendazole – Only fluicide which shows 90-100% efficacy against both early immature and mature Fasciola spp.
- Rumen fluke – Niclosamide (acute form – against immature intestinal stages) and Levamizol, Oxikolzanid (chronic form – adult flukes are more difficult to remove)
- Blood flukes – Praziquantel – Young flukes are less sensitive.
- Alaria flukes – Praziquantel
18
Q
What is not effective against Flukes?
A
Ivermectin
Effective against flukes: Triclabendazole, Albendazole, Praziquantel
19
Q
Liver fluke development:
A
MIS → SPOR → RE1 → RE2 → CE
20
Q
Which is the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (the common liver fluke)?
A
Galba truncatula snail, in Europe only. Parentenic host is cattle.
21
Q
Hosts of F. hepatica:
A
Wide. Most herbivorous mammals and humans.
22
Q
Susceptible for Liver fluke:
A
Goat, sheep, cattle, etc.
23
Q
This/ These animals has/ have low resistance against F. hepatica: MCQ
A
- Rabbit, Sheep, Goat (also mouse, rat)
- Delayed resistance – Humans
- Early resistance – Horse, pig, dog, cat
24
Q
F. hepatica location:
A
Bile ducts (location where they turn into adults)
25
Large American liver fluke:
Fasciola magna – Large American liver fluke, giant liver fluke, deer fluke
26
Which is the intermediate host of the Great American fluke?
Galba truncatula snail. Parentenic host is cattle (no eggs in faeces).
27
F. magna egg size:
110-160 um with zygote
28
Deer is the host of which fluke?
F. magna /American liver fluke
29
Choose the right statement:
F. Magna can’t complete its life cycle in small ruminants
30
In which species is F.magna incapsulated?
Deer, cattle – Flukes are encapsulated in the liver by host reaction and are less pathogenic
31
Small ruminants’ fatal death can be caused by:
F. magna – In sheep and goats, worms may migrate constantly in the liver tissue causing traumatic hepatitis which is fatal – Affected sheep usually die within 6 months.
32
Which species lives in a capsule in the liver?
F. magna
33
Which fluke causes caverns in the liver?
F. magna
34
It feeds through the body surface too: (?)
Fasciola gigantica (the large liver fluke)
35
Drug to use against Liver flukes?
Liver flukes - Triclabendazole – Only fluicide which shows 90-100% efficacy against both early immature and mature Fasciola spp.
36
Rumen fluke development:
MI → SPO → RE → CE
37
What is not absolutely necessary in the life-cycle of the Rumen fluke?
→ 2 intermediate hosts.
Rumen flukes have an indirect life cycle via freshwater OR amphibious snails as
intermediate hosts.
38
How can you diagnose acute Paramphistomosis?
Necropsy – microscopical examination (since no eggs in acute form, but can do FEC in chronic form)
39
What is the larval stage that develops in Dicroceolium in ants?
Metecercaria
40
Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:
MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE
41
How many intermediate hosts does Lanceolote fluke have?
2 intermediate hosts – Terrestrial snails and Ants
42
Dicrocoeliosis is:
Zoonotic!!
43
Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:
MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE
Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.
Cercariae – Only Furocercaria (infective stage)
44
Where in the world is S. mansoni found?
Tropical Africa and South America – Tropical and Sub-tropical zones
45
Which Schistoma species can be found in bladder?
S. mansoni (bladder schistosomosis)
| S. haematobium ( urinary or bladder schistosomosis)
46
Blood fluke infects host by:
Penetrating skin – Cercariae penetrate skin, rash develops – Called schistosome or simmer’s itch.
47
What is the name of the infective stage of Blood flukes:
Furocercariae
| Infection – Percutan or Per os
48
How do offspring of Blood flukes get out from final host?
Eggs
| Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.
49
Which developmental stages of Blood fluke occur in snail?
Spor and Cer
50
Blood fluke infection from what?
Urine and faeces – Contain eggs with miracidium
51
This parasite do not have metacercaria?
Blood-fluke
52
Number of intermediate hosts in Alaria alata?
Two intermediate hosts – Snails (Helisoma spp.) and Tadpoles mesocercaria / Frogs
53
Alaria alata in Paratenic hosts:
Mesocercariae – Wild boar, pig, poultry, humans (lung, eye) – Adults in small intestine
54
Which Flukes don’t occur in the intestines?
- F. hepatica
- D. dendriticum
- Paramphistomum spp.
Fluke in small intestine: A. alaria
55
Where is Alaria alata? (flatworm)
Final hosts - Dog, cat Parentenic hosts (=transport hosts) - Pig, poultry, humans. Small intestine
56
Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) – Class Cestoda (Tapeworm)
→ No sexual dimorphism.
→ Life cycle of tapeworms is indirect with one intermediate host, except for Order Pseudophyllidae (Family Diphyllobothriidae).
→ Eggs contain L1 (6-hooked oncosphere) except for D. latum (zygote).
→ Infection per os with L2 except for D. latum (L3)
→ Adults live in small intestine.
→ Cestodoses Infections caused by adults.
→ Metacestodes Infections caused by larvae in intermediate hosts
57
They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:
Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)
58
Proglottids are produced by:
Cestoda
59
What is true about scolex in Cestoda only?
For attachment
60
They have no digestive tract:
Cestodes
61
Diphyllobothriosis does not occur in:
Sheep
| It occurs in humans and animals eating fresh-water fish (dog, cat, pig, fox).
62
Species not effected by Diphylobathrum latum?
Cattle
63
Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium:
Indirect life cycle – 2 intermediate hosts; Crustaceans and Freshwater fish
Egg – Coracdiudm (L1) – Procercoid (L2) in Curstaceans – Plerocercoid (L3) in Freshwater fish
64
Diphyllobothrium causes:
Anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency
65
How does Diphylobotrum latum infect?
Per os – Via fish intake
66
How can a human be infected with Diphyllobothrium latum (broad tapeworm)?
Ingestion of fish
67
Human can be infected by eating infected meat including:
Diphylobothrium latum (Human broad tapeworm)
68
Meat borne infection of human is/are: MCQ
Diphylobotriosis
| Pork measle
69
What is inside the ovum of the Diphyllobotrium?
Zygote
70
Diphillobotrium have:
Yellow, oval egg with zygote inside.
71
The offspring of the Broad Tapeworm is shed by the host in which form?
Egg
72
Tapeworm of Ruminants:
- Indirect life cycle
- Intermediate host – Box mites (Oribatidae)
- Eggs (with 6 hooked oncosphere) → Cysticercoid L2
73
Worm which looks like grains of cooked rice in faeces in Sheep:
Monezia expansa
74
Moniezia spp. FEC with flotation:
- M. expansa – Triangular egg
| - M. benedeni – Quadrangular egg
75
It ́s larvae are not hepatophilic:
Echinococcus granulosus
76
The infective stage of Echinoccocus granulosus is:
Hyatid cyst
77
Cystic echinococcosis / Hydatidosis / Hydatid disease:
- One of the most important parasitic zoonoses.
- Caused by Echinococcus hydatidosus, the infective L2 of E. granulosus. Intermediate host include ruminants, equine, pig, humans.
78
Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus in Humans:
G1 (from sheep)
| G2 (T sheep)
79
Dosage of Praziquantel against E. granulosus:
5mg/kg
80
Treatment against Echinococcus spp. in Dogs:
Praziquantel – 5 mg/kg
Epsiprantel – 7.5 mg/kg
100% efficacy against adults and immature forms!
81
Ecchinococcus multilocularis can occur in humans:
Never
E. multilocularis final host is Dog (rarely cats).
Its larva, E. alveolaris occurs in rodents and humans’ livers.
82
Can Cat be infected with E. multilocularis?
True (rarely)
83
How many proglottids does Diphyllidium caninum have?
Many. In gravid segment, cocoon present (with 3-30 eggs)
84
Epidemiology – Occupational infection of Dogs:
→ Hunting Dog - Taenia pisiformis (since larvae located in rabbit, hare)
→ Butcher’s Dog ungulates)- Taenia hydatigena, E. granulosus (since larvae located in ungulates
→ Shepherd Dog - Taenia multiceps (since larvae located in Ruminants)
→Dog around Pigs - E. granulosus (since larvae located in Swine)
85
Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:
False
86
What is the name of the most common tapeworm in Horses?
Anoplocephela perfoliata
87
Life cycle of Anoplochephala:
Indirect. Cysticercoid (L2) in box mites (Oribatid mites)
| In small and large intestine. A. perfoliata tend to congregate at ileo-caecal junction.
88
What do we diagnose with Proudman method (FEC type)?
Anoplochepala perfoliata
89
Moxidectin isn't good against:
Anoplocephala
Moxidectin only against Strongyloides
Praziquantel, Pyrantel embonate, Niclosamide against Horse tapeworm.
90
Which tapeworm spp. can cause auto-infection in humans?
- Taenia solium – via Cysticercus cellulosae (infective L2)
- Taenia saginata – via Cysticercus bovis (infective L2)
- Taenia asciatica
- Diphylobothrum latum
91
Found in the brain:
Cysticercus cellulosae in Human and pig brain, muscles, heart, eyes
92
The tapeworms belong to:
Platyhelminthes
93
Life-cycle of Tapeworms:
Indirect
94
Which domestic animal doesn’t have a specific Tapeworm species?
Swine
95
Larva Forms (L2):
```
→ Cysticeroid - Invertebrates. 1 worm develops in definitive host
→ Strobilocercus - 1 worm
→ Cysticercus - 1 OR many worms
→ Echinococcus - Many worms
→ Coenurus - Many worms
```
96
From which do only one tapeworm develop?
Cysticercoid and Stobilocercus (and Plerocercoid ?)
97
Many adult tapeworms develop from this type of larva:
Echinococcus and Coenurus
98
It occurs in vertebrate intermediate host:
Plerocercoid – Usually occurring in muscle of fish.
99
Only one protoscolex develops from:
Strobilocercus
100
This larva is not able to reproduce asexually in the host:
Cysticercus
101
It can develop asexually:
Sporocyst
102
If meat infected:
Must be discarded immediately.
103
Intermediate host of Taenia pisiformis?
Rabbits
104
What is found in muscle?
- Cysticercus cervi
- Coenurus serialis
- Cysticercus cellulosae
- Cysticercus bovis
105
Which are hepatophilic (=migrate in liver parenchyma)? MCQ (correct, from notes)
→ Taenia hydatigena (has infective L2 Cysticercus tenuicollis) - Juvenile worm is hepatophilic
→ Taenia piriformis (has infective L2 Cysticercus piriformis) - Larvae are hepatophilic
106
The following statement is correct:
Hepatophilic tapeworm larva develops to L2
107
Which is not hepatophilic:
```
T. longicollis, E. granulosus
Hepatophilic: T. Psiformis, E.alveolata
Are hepatophlic (notes): Juvenile worms, larvae
```
108
Beef measles:
- Cysticercus bovis in cattle commonly called bladder worm or beef measles.
- Caused by Cysticercus bovis; the infective L2 of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata
109
Carcass unfit for consumption:
If 2 or more living cysts are found at more than 1 inspected site.
110
Pork measles:
Carcass damage when tapeworms are encysted in meat.
| Caused by Cysticercus cellulosae; the infective L2 of the human pork tapeworm, Taenia solium
111
Larva of Taenia hydatigena:
Is hepatophilic
112
The intermediate hosts of T. pisiformis are:
Rabbit, hare
113
What is the host sp. of Taenia ovis?
dog
114
Cysticercus tennuicollis is the L2 that develops to T. Ovis
False
Cysticercus ovis → Taenia ovis
Cysticercus tennuicollis → Taenia hydatigena
115
How many worms can come from Cysticercus tenuicollis? (?)
One worm b) Two worms c) Many worms d) None
| Cysticercus - 1 OR many worms
116
Cysticercus ovis effects which organs?
Muscle, heart
117
Which one doesn’t occur in muscle?
Cysticercus pisiformis, C. tenuicollis
| Both occur in liver and mesentery.
118
How many protoscolices are in Cysticercus piriformis?
one
119
Tapeworm whose metacestode is C. cellulosae?
Taenia solium
120
Ecchinococcus hydatidiosus is L3:
False – It is L2 (infective stage)
121
Whats the name of tapeworm sp. of red foxes which causes severe infection in Hu?
Echinococcus multilocularis – Scientific name of fox tapeworm (Careful! E. alveolaris also as a choice, but this is the infective larva)
122
It occurs in invertebrate intermediate host:
Cysticercoid
123
‘Hepatitis cysticercosa’ caused by:
Cysticercus tenuicollis Cysticercus pisiformis
124
The infective stage of Taenia solium can develop in?
Humans and Pigs
125
Graphidium strigosum location:
Stomach of rabbit
126
This infection can be detected by inspecting faeces with floatation method: MCQ
Spirocercosis Trichostrongylus
127
It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants: MCQ
Chabertia ovina – Colon and rectum
| Oesaphgstomum dentatum – Caecum and colon (Ruminants – Also ileum)
128
Which one has a smooth surface?
Toxascaris leonina
129
PE-2 of this/these species isn’t ascaroid type:
→ A. galli and T. leonina – Ascaridoid type
| A. suum and P. equorum – Asacaroid type
130
Galactogenic infection related to what type migration?
Toxocaroid type
| Hypobiotic larvae – Prenatal (intra-uterine) and lactogenic routes of infection of new- born animals.
131
Which one has earthworm as intermediate host:
Other
→ Lungworms of Pig (Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi) → → Nematode of Dog (Capillaria plica, C. annulata, C. caudinflata, C. bursata)
132
Hyostrongylus rubidus location:
Stomach – Gastric mucosa. Pigs
133
Which lives in the stomach of Swine?
H. rubidus – Red stomach worm
134
Hyostrongylus causes:
→ Larvae – Hypertrophic, ulcerative, acute gastritis – Blood in the gastric lumen → Adult Worms – Chronic catarrhal gastritis, gastric ulceration.
135
Hyostrongylus rubidus vs. Oesophagmatum. The eggs can be differentiated:
false
136
It is easy to distinguish the eggs of H. rubidus and Oesophagostomum:
false
137
Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:
Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)
138
Hyostrongylus detection:
FEC – Strongyle type eggs – Not distinguishable from the eggs of Oesophagostomum. Necropsy – Red worms, mucosa of stomach is thickened, lenticular, flat nodules. Disease history
139
What is the infective stage of Amidostomosis?
L3 – Egg → L3 hatches, survives in shallow water
140
It occurs in the gizzard of ducks and birds:
Amidostomum anseris
141
What can be detected in living birds infected with Amidostomum spp.?
Eggs from faeces
142
How does Amidostomum infect?
→ Per os and Per cutan
| → Infection orally with water. In goslings, by penetrating through the web.
143
It does not have extra-intestinal migration:
Amidostomum anseris
144
What is the name of Cat Stomach worm?
Ollulanus tricuspis
145
Hosts of Ollulanosis:
Cat, wild cat, other felids. Occasionally dog, fox, pig.
146
How does the Cat get infected by Stomach worm?
Ingestion of vomit
147
What is the route of infection with Stomach worm of Cat?
Ingesting of vomit of infected cat containing L3 – Larvae do not pass out with faeces
148
What is the infective stage of Cat Stomach worm?
L3
149
What is laid by the female Stomach worm of Cat?
L3 – Female is viviparous, eggs develop to L3 ‘in utero’
150
What is the name of the infective stage of the Cat’s Stomach worm which spread(s) from animals to animals?
L3 – Become adults on the gastric mucosa by 5 weeks PI (auto-infection)
151
What causes parasitic gastroenteritis in Rabbit and Hare?
- Graphidium strigosum - Red worms in gastric mucosa - direct life cycle - infective stage L3
- Trichostrongylus retortaeformis White worms in small intestine - direct life cycle - infective stage L3
152
Trichostrongylosis in Horses:
Trichostrongylus axei – In stomach and proximal small intestine – Direct life cycle – L3 infective stage
153
Trichostrongylus axei is:
Euryxen
154
What is the host specificity of Trichostrongylus axei?
Euryxenous
155
The host spectrum of Trichostrongylus axei:
Horses, Donkeys
156
Parasitic Gastroenteritis of Ruminants (Trichostrongylidosis)
Life cycle:
Direct. Egg – 4 larval stages – L4 Hypobiosis! – ‘Spring and post-parturient rise’ L4 – Adult in lumen
Ostertagia, Haemonchus – Gastric glands
Trichostorngylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus – Lieberkuhm-crypts
157
Cooperia location:
Small intestine
158
In which spp. is Haemonchus contortus primarily found?
Sheep and goat. Abomasum
159
Which resembles a barber’s pole?
Haemonchus contortus
160
In which spp. is Haemonchus placei primarily found?
Cattle
161
Type 1 or ‘Summer Ostertagiosis’:
High morbidity Low mortality
162
Type 2 or ‘Winter Ostertagiosis’:
Low morbidity High mortality
163
Which has a bent head?
Hookworms
164
Hookworm in carnivores. Feeding habits and location:
Adults are blood feeders. In small intestine.
165
The cats can be infected with Uncinaria stenocephala:
True - Nematode that infects dog, cat, fox, humans.
166
What happens to human if infected with Ancylostomatidosis?
Creeping eruption
Also due to Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidosis of Dogs) - L3 of S. stercoralis can penetrate the human skin – ‘Cutaneous larva migrans’ or creeping eruption’
167
What happens if Humans are infected with Hookworms from Dogs?
Creeping eruption or Cutaneous larva migrans – Due to L3 of Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense (hookworms of Dogs)
168
Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:
false
169
Which ways can Cat be infected with Hookworms?
→ Per os – Uncinaria infection this way only!
→ Per cutan – Somatic migration in animals older than 3 months!
→ With milk – Trans-mammary
→ Pre-natal
→ By paratenic hosts
170
The endectocides are effective against:
Hookworms – Anti-helminthic used against roundworms.
171
Which Nematode is in small Ruminants ?
Bunostomum trigonocephalum – Lambs
172
Small ruminant Hookworm is called:
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
173
Which species is found in sheep, goat, wild ruminants?
Bunostomum trigonocephalum
174
Which bunostomum species infects Cattle?
Bunostomum phlebotomum
175
Hookworm route of infection in ruminants:
Mainly per-cutan or orally.
176
Strongyloides are:
Oviparous
| Oviviviparous
177
How many different life cycles of Strongyloidosis?
→ 2 kinds of development - Homogonic and Heterogonic
→ Homogonic – Parasitic cycle - Unfavourable conditions – Young animals – Adult population of parthenogenetic females.
→ Heterogonic – Parasitic and Free-living reproductive cycle – Favourable conditions – Older animals – Free-living males and females.
178
How many intermediate hosts is/are needed in development of Strongyloides spp.?
0 – Direct development
179
Location of adult Strongyloides spp. (dwarf worms):
Small intestine
180
Where does the Threadworm live in the host?
Small intestine
181
Strongyloides spp. (Dwarf nematode) infection:
- Per cutan Ruminants and PigsPP 6 days in Pigs, PP 9 days in Ruminants
- Per os Ruminants and PigsPP 3 days in Pigs, PP 5 days in Ruminants
- Auto-infection Humans and Dogs only!
182
What is speed of development of galactogenic infection compared to per-cutan infection of Strongyloidosis?
- Swine 3 days galactogenic vs. 6 days per-cutan
| - Ru. 5 days galactogenic vs. 9 days per-cutan
183
How does galactogenic infection of Strongyloides happen?
- Hypobiotic larvae reactivate and charge
| - Larvae development arrested – Migrate to mammary gland – Colostral and lactogenic infection
184
How does auto-infection larva of Strongyloides develop? (auto-infection= host remains infected)
Go to intestine after lung passage
185
Name of Dwarf Worm in Pig?
S. ransomi
186
How are Pigs infected with Dwarf Worms?
- Per os - PP 3 days
- Per cutan - PP 6 days
- With milk - PE2 is 3 days
187
Diagnosis strongyloides
Ellipsoidal egg – Containing morula or L1
188
How do Sheep get infected with ‘Dwarf Nematode’ ?
Per cutan – Through the skin of legs
189
Most common infection of Strongyloides in Sheep?
Per cutan (and per os ?)
190
What is the host species of Strongyloides westeri?
Horses and Donkeys
191
S. westeri's main route of infection:
Colostral and Lactogenic infection in very young Foals
192
S.westeri transmission in Foals:
Colostral and Lactogenic infection
193
Most common way of infection of Foals with Threadworms:
Galactogenic
194
Route of infection in Dogs:
Per-cutan
195
In the faeces of Pups with Strongyloides occurs:
larva
196
In Puppy faeces, you find which form of Strongyloides?
Free L1 pass in the faeces
197
It occurs in Dogs:
Strongyloides stercoralis
198
Threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) location:
Small intestine – All Strongyloidosis are located here
199
Can Strongyloidosis of Dogs infect Humans? (Strongyloides of Dogs)
- True – L3 of S. stercoralis can penetrate the human skin – ‘Cutaneous larva migrans’ or creeping eruption’
- Also due to Hookworm of dogs - L3 of Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense (hookworms of Dogs)
200
Intestinal Roundworms characts.
→ In the small intestine.
→ Do not attach to the intestinal mucosa.
→ Stenoxenous – Specific host species.
→ Life Cycle – Direct. Females are oviparous.
→ Eggs – Ovoid, thick-shelled with zygote. Three layers of the egg-shell – Highly resistant to environmental effects.
→ Infection
- Per os via larvated eggs (L3)
- Pre-natal
- Lactogenic (colostral)
- Eating infected paratenic hosts
- PE2 Phase of the Life
→ Cycle:-
- Ascaroid type – Hepato-pulmonary passage of larvae – Ascaris suum, Parascaris equorum
- Toxocaroid type – Somatic migration and arrested development of the larvae – Toxocara canis, Toxocara vitulorum
- Ascaridoid type – Ascaridia galli, Toxoascaris leonina
201
Roundworm disease of Carnivores (Toxocarosis, Toxascariosis)
- Toxocara canis - Dog, fox
- Toxocara cati - Cat (=T. mystax)
- Toxascaris leonine - Dog, fox, cat, lion
202
Life cycle:
Direct
| Egg – L3
203
Which has smooth surface of egg?
Toxascaris leonina
204
Which one is distinguishable from the other because of its morphology?
Toxascaris leonina – Colourless, egg-shell with smooth surface
T. cati and T. canis – Brownish/Colourless, egg-shell with pitted surface
205
T. canis:
PE2 depends on the host age!
- Ascaroid type Younger than 1 month PP 28 days
- Toxocaroid type Older than 1 month
206
T. cati:
PE2 similar to that of T. canis except that no intra-uterine infection in cats; most
relevant is the lactogenic route.
207
The intra-uterine infection of Cats with T. cati is more common than galactogenic:
False – No intra-uterine infection in cats
208
T. leonina:
PE2 – Ascaridoid type
209
How can Dogs become infected with Roundworms?
- Per os – Larvated eggs L3 – PP 28 days or more
- Pre-natal or Intra-uterine – PP 16 days
- Trans-mammary or Lactogenic
- Eating the infected paratenic host – PP 19 days
210
Roundworm disease of Cattle (Bovine Toxocarosis)
Toxocara vitulorum Cattle, Buffalo. Occasionally Sheep, Goat. vitulorum)
211
Bovine toxocarosis occurs in:
Calves younger than 6 months – Patent infections – Ingestion of larvated eggs does not result in patent infection!
212
Roundworm disease of Pigs (Porcine Ascariosis)
Ascaris suum Pig, wild Boar
213
Clinical signs of Ascaris suum:
Acute or Chronic multiple intestinal hepatitis – ‘Milk spots’ or ‘White spots’
214
Eggs of Ascaris suum:
Ovoid, mammillated thick shell – Coprophagia → False positivity.
215
Infection of Ascaridia suum with:
L3 – Egg with L3
216
Roundworm disease of Birds (Ascaridiosis)
- Ascaridae galli - Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, duck, game birds
- Ascaridae columbae - Pigeon
- Ascaridae dissimilis - Turkey
217
Ascaridoid type:
PE2 - Ascaridia galli
218
Ascaridia infective form:
Infection by larvated eggs OR by eating paratenic hosts (earthworms)
PE2 – ascaridoid type
219
Which egg is similar to Ascaridia galli?
Heterakis gallinarum
220
The eggs of A. galli is hard to distinguish from that of:
Heterakis gallinarum – They can be distinguished based on their size.
221
Caecal Worm disease of Birds (Heterakiosis)
- Heterakis gallinarum - Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, pigeon, pheasant, (duck, goose)
- Heterakis dispar - Duck, goose
222
Heterakis spp. location:
Caecum. Occasionally large and small intestines.
223
Heterakis spp. vector of:
Histomonas meleagridis
224
Strongyle Infection of Horse and Donkeys
- Strongylidosis – Infection with adults of large and small strongyles.
- Strongylosis – Infection with extra-intestinal migrated larvae of large strongyles.
- Cyanthostomosis, Cyanthostominosis – Infection with small strongyles.
225
Occurrence of Strongyle decreased since: (?)
Regular use of anti-helminthic treatment
226
Small strongyle diagnosis:
Faecal examination – Strongyle-type eggs
227
Strongyle infection in faecal sample of a 7 month-old Horse. Most likely infected by:
- S. equinus - Adult by 9 months PI
- S. edentatus - Adult by 11 months PI
(Not S. vulgaris, since adults by 6 months PI and Horse is 7 months old)
(Not small strongyles; since adults by 1.5 – 3 months)
228
Strongylidosis caused by:
```
Large Strongyles:
- Strongylus equinus (2)
- S. vulgaris (4)
- S. edentates (no teeth)
Small strongyles: cyathostomum
worldwide in grazing equine
```
229
Strongylidosis infection:
L3
230
Moxidectin is effective against:
Strongylidosis
231
Cyathostominosis is:
The synchronous emergence of thousands of hypo-biotic Cyathostome L4
232
How can you detect small Strongyle infection of Horses?
- FEC with flotation
| - Coprological examination – Strongyle-type eggs. Clinical signs. Grazing history.
233
You can find strongyle-type eggs in the faecal sample of a 7 month-old Horse. It may be infected with:
- S. equinus - Adult by 9 months PI
- S. edentatus - Adult by 11 months PI
(Not S. vulgaris, since adults by 6 months PI and Horse is 7 months old)
(Not small strongyles; since adults by 1.5 – 3 months)
234
What kind of drug(s) has/have good efficacy against encysted larvae of Small Strongyles?
Fenbendazole
| Moxidectin
235
Treatment small strongyles
- Several anti-helminthics are effective against adult Strongyles...but not against mucosal larval stages of Cyathstome
- Against encysted larvae – Fenbendazole and Moxidectin
- Against migrating larvae and adult stages of large Strongyles - Ivermectin
236
They can cause the Nodular Worm infection of Ruminants :
Oesophagostomum spp.
237
It causes the infection of Pigs:
Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and Oesophagostomum dentatum
238
It causes the infection of Cattle:
Oesophagostomum radiatum
239
It cause the infection of small Ruminants:
Oesophagostomum columbianum
240
Oesophagstomum infection via:
Ingestion of L3. But skin penetration possible (pigs).
241
Where do Oesophagostomum worms live?
In the large intestine
| Caecum and colon. Ruminants – Also in the ileum.
242
No extra-intestinal migration:
Oesophagostomum
243
Oesophagostomum infective stage:
L3 - Larval stages are more pathogenic.
244
Infection with Oesophagostomum species:
With L3 per os
245
Has histotrophic phase:
Oesopghagostomum
246
It is characteristic for the development of Oesophagostomum:
Histotrophic phase
247
Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:
Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)
248
Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?
Oesophagostomum
249
Oxyuriosis (Pinworm Disease of Equids)
- Oxyuris equi - Common pinworm
| - Probstmayria vivipara - Minute pinworm
250
How to detect Oxyuris equi:
Other method
Eggs from perineal region with adhesive tape. Gravid females stick their eggs at once in clumps to the skin of the perianal region. Females then die (males die after copulation).
251
Host of Passalurus ambiguous: (also known as Oxyuris ambigua)
Rabbit
| Lagomorphs. Wild or pet rabbits, and hares. Rabbit pinworm.
252
Passalurus ambiguous location:
Caecum and colon
253
Where can you find Passaluris:
Caecum and colon
254
Passalurus lay:
L3 – Egg with infective larva (L3) when laid to the peri-anal skin or passed out with the faeces
255
What is the genus name of Whipworms?
Trichuris
256
What hosts spp. don’t have Whipworm / Trichuris spp.?
Horse
257
Location of Trichuris spp.:
Caecum and colon
258
Trichuris vulpis can be found in the duodenum?
False – Mainly in the caecum.
259
Infective stage of Whipworm:
L1
| Adults are hematophagous i.e. more infective than mucosal larvae.
260
Ways Cats are infected with Trichuris:
Per os – Food or water with whipworm eggs
261
Detection of Trichuris spp.:
- Eggs – Flotation – But intermittent egg shedding can cause false negative results.
- Faecal tests for specific parasite antigens.
262
Chabertia ovina (large-mouthed bowel worm) location:
Large intestine – Colon and rectum
263
It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants (sheep, goat):
Chabertia ovina
264
Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?
Oesophagostomum
| Both spp. have a direct life-cycle, similar to each other.
265
What is the Latin name of worm living in birds’ trachea?
Syngamus trachea – Gapeworm
266
Syngamus trachea host:
- Domestic fowl, turkeys, pheasants, game birds, and patridges
- Domestic fowl older than 2-3 months – Resistance! – Age resistance
267
Syngamus trachea has an intermediate host?
False - Has a parentenic host; earthworm.
268
Dictyocaulus infective form:
L1
269
Dictyocaulosis of Cattle (Husk Hoose) (Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis)
- Dictyocaulus viviparus
| - Dictyocaulus eckerti
270
Dictyocaulosis of Sheep and Goat
Dictyocaulus filaria
271
What can you find in faecal sample of Sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria?
Eggs containing L1
272
Dictyocaulosis of Donkey and Horse
Dictyocaulus arnfieldi - Donkey. Rarely in horse and pony.
273
Protstrongylidosis of Sheep and Goat (Nodular Lungworm Disease)
- Small lungworms
- In the small bronchi - Protstrongylus rufescens
- In the lung parenchyma - Cytocaulus orcreatus, Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis
274
Nodular lungworm life-cycle:
Indirect
L1 in the faeces (L1 has umbrella rod appearance) (females are oviparous) – Intermediate hosts (terrestrial snails, slugs) – L3 infection by swallowing snails OR free L3 ... Adult in lumen of bronchiole and small bronchi.
275
The worm-knot contains one sexually active worm in the lung of Sheep:
- False
- Brood Nodules – Contain sexually active worms and masses of eggs and larvae.
- Worm-knots – Contain sexually inactive, viable, adult worms only.
276
Metastrongylosis (Lungworm disease of Pigs)
Metastrongylus apri
M. pudendotectus
M. salmi
More frequently wild boar
277
Life cycle: metastrongylosis
Indirect
| Larvated eggs – Intermediate hosts (earthworms) – L3...Adults in the small bronchi.
278
Lungworm disease carnivores
Domestic and wild canids
- Oslerus osleri
- Filaroides milksi, Filaroides hirthi
- Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila)
- Crenosoma vulpis
- Angiostrongylus vasorum
- Dirofilaria immitis
Domestic cats & wild felids
- Aelurostrongylus obstrusus
- Troglostrongylus subcrenatus
- Oslerus rostratus
- Dirofilaria immitis
- Trigostrongylus brevior, T. wilsoni, Skjabinocaulus spp, Gurltia spp
279
Life cycle lungworm carnivores
All direct life cycle - All L1 infective stage
except Crenosoma vulpis (fox lungworm), Angiostrongylus vasorum (French
heartworm), Aelurostorngylus abstrusus (cat lungworm), Oslerus rostratus – Indirect
280
Oslerus osleri: Dog
L1
281
Filaroides milksi, Filaroides hirthi: Dog
L1 – Infective stage – Transmitted by saliva, coprophagy, licking.
282
Filaroides milksi can effect Cats:
False - Effects dogs, mainly young puppies.
283
Eucoleus aerophilus: Dog Cat
Infection
- By eggs containing infective stage L1
- By earthworms – Paratenic host
284
Cresoma vulpis: Fox. Rarely in Dog and Cat
Indirect life cycle L1 (in faeces) – Intermediate hosts (molluscs)
Infection by snails or slugs (L3)
285
Angiostrogylus vasorum: Dog Cat
→ French Heartworm
→ In canids. Rarely in cats.
→ Angiostrongylosis is an important emerging infectious disease. More prevalent in Western Europe.
→ Life cycle – Indirect>25 spp. of slugs and snails can be intermediate hosts
- L1 (in the faeces) → Intermediates hosts (molluscs) → L3
- L3 → Mesenteric lymph nodes where they mature to the L5
- Adults in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart
→ Pathogenic effect: Adult worms in blood vessels. Eggs / Larvae in the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries may cause endocarditis → Pulmonary thromboangiitis → CHF
→ Clinical signs: Respiratory signs. Coagulopathies. Neurological manifestations. Ocular signs. Sudden death following infection may occur.
→ Diagnosis: L1 from faecal samples. Serological tests using A / AB ELISA and Western blot techniques. Necropsy → Ectopic adult worms have been detected in the eye, pericardium, and urinary bladder.
286
Angiostrongylus vasorum needs snail as intermediate host:
True – Many spp. of slugs and snails act as intermediate hosts.
287
Angiostrongylus vasorum life cycle:
Indirect
>25 spp. of slugs and snails as intermediate hosts → L1 (in the faeces) → Intermediate hosts (molluscs) → L3 → Mesenteric lymph nodes where they mature to the L5 → Adults in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart.
288
Can Cats get French heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum)?
Yes – Rarely in Cats!
289
The French heartworm has been recently detected in:
More prevalent in Western Europe.
Endemic in distinct areas of Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the UK, and over-seas.
290
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: Cat
- Indirect
- L1 (in faeces) → Intermediate hosts (snails and slugs)
- Paratenic hosts (small rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles) play an important role.
291
The name of the Lungworm of Cats is:
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
292
Aelurostrongylus worms occur in which animal?
cat
293
What is the length of the Lungworm of Cats?
1 cm – A. abstrusus is 5-10mm
294
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus travels to lung parenchyma and bronchia via:
blood
295
Where does the Cat's Aelurostrongylus worm develop?
Bronchiole and alveolar ducts
296
What can be in the faeces of Cat infected with Lungworm?
L1
297
The intermediate host of Lungworm of Cats are:
- Land snails – Snails and slugs
| - But usually east paratenic hosts.
298
The paratenic hosts of Lungworm of Cats are:
Small rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles
299
How can we detect A. abstrusus in Cats?
- Baermann technique - The most common nematode parasites detected with the Baermann test are Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in Cats and Strongyloides stercoralis in Dogs.
- Detection of L1 from faecal samples
300
Oslerus rostratus: Cat
- L1
- Indirect life cycle
n.b. Troglostrongylus brevior is a neglected Feline Lungworm spp., which has been increasingly reported in the Mediterranean area; although scant data is available on the respiratory alterations it causes in Cats.
301
Dirofilaria repens (Cutaneous Dirofilariosis)
- Double infection with Dirofilaria immitis may occur!
- Dirofilaria repens – Adults are found in non-painful nodules in the sub-cutis of Dogs,
Cats, wild Carnivores, and Humans.
-
Life cycle: Indirect – Intermediate hosts are mosquitoes – PP 7-9months
- Detection: Microfilariae detected from blood with modified Knott method – Ite resembles microfilariae of D. immitis.
302
Dirofilaria immitis - Heartworm Disease (Cardiovascular Dirofilariosiss)
Zoonotic! – Pulmonary dirofilariosis in humans.
- Hosts: Domestic Dog and some wild Canids. Occasionally Cat, other Felids,
Mustelids, Sea lions and Humans.
- Life Cycle: Indirect – Intermediate hosts are mosquitoes. – PP 7-9 months
The juvenile worms first in the small pulmonary arteries 2-3 months later. Then become sexually mature about 4 months post-infection.
Dog develop patent infections (i.e. have circulating microfilariae) as early as 6 months, but usually by 7-9 months after infection.
Cats – HARD – Heartworm Associated Respiratory Distress
- Diagnosis: Microfilariae – Modified Knott method OR Filtration test (D. repens!). very rarely in Cats.
→ Serology – Detection of antigen of female worms. Only in Dogs.
→ Serology – Detection of antigen and/or antibodies in Cats.
The earlies that Heartworm antigen and microfilariae can be detected is about 5 and
6 months post infection, respectively.
Antigenemia may be supressed until about 9 months post infection, in infected Dog receiving mactocylci lactone chemoprophylaxis.
There is no need nor justification for testing a Dog for antigen and microfilariae prior to 7 months of age!!!
303
Treatment dirofilariosis immitis
Adults – Immiticide (Melarsomine)
Macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectin, Moxidectin)
Doxycycline (against Wolbachia spp.)
304
Fertilised worms of D. Immitis can be found at 4 month:
True – Become sexually mature at 4 months.
305
First microfilariae appear in blood of Dog with Dirofilaria immitis only____ after infection.?
6-7 months
306
Clinical sign of Cat with Heartworm?
Coughing
Tachypnoe, dyspnoea, or coughing. Intermittent vomiting, sudden death preceded by respiratory distress (HARD – Heartworm Associated Respiratory Distress)
307
What do you detect in Dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis? MCQ
Microfilariae
| Serology – Detection of antigen of female worms only in Dogs!
308
Diagnosis of Dirofilaria:
Modified Knott method – Both D. repens and D. immitis
309
Heartworm diagnosis via serology:
→ Dog – Detection of antigen of female worms only in dogs! E.g. Witness Dirofilaria, DiroCheck ELISA, SNAP 4Dx
→ Cat – Detection of antigen and/or antibodies in cats
→ The earlier that heartworm antigen and microfilariae can be detected is about 5 and 6 months post-infections, respectively. No justification in testing prior to 7 months of age.
310
What is the effective drug against D.immitis adults?
Melarsomine
311
Melarsomine kills:
Adults of Dirofilaria immitis. Not effective against worms younger than 4 months old.
312
Medication against Dirofilaria immitis:
- Melarsomine – Adult D. immitis
- Ivermectine, Moxidectin (Macrocyclic lactones) – Adult D. immitis
- Doxycycline – Against Wolbachia spp.
313
Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) (Muscle-worm disease)
| Zoonotic?
Yes. Food-borne parsito-zoonosis
314
Size of Trichinella:
1-4 mm
315
What is the infective stage of Trichinella sp.?
L1 – Muscle Trichinella
316
Trichinella spp. life cycle:
→ Indirect – No free living stage!
→ Auto-heteroxeny – Adult (intestinal Trichinella in small intestine) and infective L1 (muscle trichinella) in the same host.
317
In EU, majority of Trichinella infections caused by:
- T. spiralis, T. britovi and T. nativa
| - Few cases caused by T. pseudospiralis and T. murelli have also been described.
318
In Europe, majority of Human infection is caused by which Trichinella?
T. spiralis
319
Infective Trichinella may survive in___pork for many months: MCQ
In smoked, salted, and pickled pork – Larvae may survive for months (at 4-5°C up to
300 days!)
320
There are free living larvae of Trichinella sp.?
False
| No free living stage!
321
Trichinella spp. infective stage:
L1 - Muscle larvae are considered to be infective from day 15 PI in Pigs
322
Trichinella is encapsulated in which tissue?
L1 encapsulated in striated skeletal muscle Its infectious larvae are capsulated: MCQ Trichinella britovi
Trichinella native
No cysts in T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabawenis, T. papuae
323
Trichinella first in:
Small intestine – Mating – L1 – Bloodstream - Pectoral mm. (skeletal mm.)
324
Detection of Trichinella:
→ Artificial digestion, ELISA
→ Detection of L1 in striated muscles
→ Direct squash or Compressorium technique (trichinoscopy)
→ Artificial digestion
→ Regulation (EC) 2075/2005 – All domestic Pigs and Horses slaughtered for human consumption must be sampled for Trichinella as part of the post-mortem examination
→ Pigs – Diaphragm Horses – Tongue and Masseter
325
Treatment of encysted larvae of ________?
Trichinella britovi
Trichinella native
No cysts in T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabawenis, T. papuae
326
Treatment of Trichinella: MCQ
Fenbendazole
Albendazole
Also Mebendazole, Flubendazole
327
Habronematidoses of Horses and Donkeys
- Draschia megastoma → In fundus region of the stomach wall
- Habronema muscae, H. microstoma → In layer of mucus covering the gastric
mucosa
328
Life cycle: Habronematidoses
Indirect → L1 → Larvae of Muscoid flies → L3 deposited when flies feed on a moist warm surface of host → L3 deposited on wound s→ Chronic, granulomatous skin lesions without further development
329
3 distincts clinical forms of Habronematidoses
1. Stomach Habronematidosis – By adult worms
2. LungHabronematidosis
3. Cutaneous Habronematidosis – Readily bleeding, non-healing, cauliflower-like
granulomatous lesions – Called summer sores – Complete healing only in the cold season
→ L3 deposited on the conjunctiva. L3 deposited on the skin of external genitals of Stallions.
330
What cause summer sores in Horses?
```
Cutaneous habronematidosis
(Summer bleeding - Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey)
```
331
Spirocercosis of Dogs
Spirocerca lupi
Wall of the oesophagus or stomach In animals older than 6 months.
Treatment: Milbemicin oxim
332
Thelaziosis (Eye-worm infection of Cattle)
```
Cattle:
- Thelazia rhodesi
- T. gulosa
- T. skrjabini
Intermediate hosts (i.e. indirect life cycle) – Musca domestica, M. autumnalis, M.
larvipara
```
333
Thelaziosis in Cattle and Horse?
Cattle: T. gulosa, T. rhodesi, T. skrjabini Horse: T. lacrymalis
334
It can cause eye-worm infection in Cattle:
Thelazia
335
Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:
Thelaziosis
| Onchocercosis
336
Thelaziosis (Eye-worm of Equids)
Horse Thelezia lacrymalis
337
Thelaziosis in Cattle and Horse?
Cattle: T. gulosa, T. rhodesi, T. skrjabini Horse: T. lacrymalis
338
Eye worm in Horse:
Thelazia lacrymalis
339
Eye disease in grazing Horse via nematodes:
- L3 of Draschia megastoma
- Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis
- Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis
- Microfilariae of Setaria equine
340
Thelaziosis (Eye-worm of Dog)
- Dog, red fox, cat
→ Thelezia callipaeda ((oriental eye-worm) - IH = Phortica variegate (Diptera)
→ T. californiensis - IH = Musca autumnalis (face fly)
rarely humans
341
Eye worm in Dog:
Thelezia californiesis, T. Calipaeda and Onchocera
342
Summer bleeding caused by:
Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey
| Summer sores in Horses - Cutaneous habronematidosis
343
Summer bleeding location:
- In small haemorrhagic nodules formed in the sub-cutaneous and inter-muscular connective tissue
- Females pierce the skin of nodules, causing bleeding of short duration – Commonly named as ‘summer bleeding’, ‘bloody sweat’, ‘bleeding point’ – Heals rapidly.
344
Vector for summer bleeding:
Muscoid flies – Haemaotbia atripalpis
345
Summer bleeding can be treated with:
Ivermectin, Moxidectin
346
Parafilariosis of Cattle
Parafilaria bovicola
| IH – Musca autumnalis (face fly)
347
Stephanofilariosis
Stephanofilaria spp.
| IH – Flies e.g. Haematobia irritans
348
Onchocercosis imp.
Caused by a number of Onchocerca spp.
- Horse & Donkeys: O. cervicalis, O. reticulata
- Bovine: O. gutturosa, O. lienalis, O. gibsoni
- Deer: O. jakutensis
- Wild boar: O. dewittei japonica
Viviparous females
- Life cycle: Indirect - PP: 16 months
- Intermediate Hosts: Blackflies’ or Biting midges
- Microfilariae – Migrate in the subdermal connective tissue and accumulate in:-
- Head and neck region O. gutturosa (Ru)
- Near the umbilicus O. lienalis (Ru)
- Along ventral midline O. cervicalis and O. reticulata (Eq)
349
Onchocercosis
| Clinical Signs: In Equine:-
1. Open purulent lesions at the whither region – O. cervicalis in the nuchal ligament
2. Onchoceral dermatitis – Summer itch, cutaneous onchocercosis, ventral midline
dermatitis.
3. Micro-filariae of O. cervicalis – Eyes – Keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis.
350
Onchocercosis
| Clinical Signs: In bovine
Lesions in tendons, muscles and ligaments of bovine hind- legs.
351
Onchocercosis
| Diagnosis
Demonstration of microfilariae:
Skin biopsy
Tissue fluid appearing at predilection skin region
352
Vector for Onchocerciosis:
Black flies of the genus Simulium
OR
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides
353
Which causes conjunctivitis in Horse?
Oncocercosis cervicalis
354
It can infect the eye of Horses too:
Onchocerca cervicalis
355
Onchocerca lupi imp.
Zoonosis!!!
Life Cycle: Indirect Intermediate hosts: Black flies
Acute or chronic ocular disease
Acute cases – Conjunctivitis, exophthalmos, peri-orbital swelling, photophobia, discomfort, lacrimation, and discharge without granuloma nor cyst formation around the worms.
356
Onchocerca lupi does not infect the eyes:
False – Causes acute or chronic ocular disease in Dogs
357
What is the name of the eye-worm of Dogs?
Onchocerca lupi
358
Cercopithfilaria spp. (Sub-dermal)
Cercopithifilaria grassii – Italy, Switzerland Cercopithifilaria bainae – Brazil
IH: Rhipicephalus sanguineus
359
Setariosis
Setaria equina - Equine Microfilariae occasionally in the eye.
IH: Mosquitoes
Migrating larvae may reach brain and spinal cord - Cerebrospinal setariosis – Lumbar paralysis, paraplegia.
360
Where can you find the adults of Setaria equina?
Peritoneal and pleural cavity
361
In Horse abdomen:
Setaria
362
What can you detect from peripheral blood?
Setaria
363
How to detect Setaria equina?
Knott method - Diagnosis of microfilaria in blood.
364
Name a Nematode in the Dog bladder:
Capillaria plica
365
Capillaria infective stage:
L1
| n.b. Life-cycle can be direct or indirect, depends on spp.! Direct – L1 (infective stage) develops in the eggs
366
The life cycle of Capillaria plica is direct:
| T/F
False.
It is indirect, with the intermediate host being the earthworm and final host being canines and felines.
PP: 3-4 weeks, C. plica: 8 weeks
Direct - C. obsignata, C. contorta, C. anatis, C. hepatica, C. bovis, C. longipes
→ L1 (infective stage) develops in the eggs (1 week - 1 month)
Indirect - C. annulata, C. caudinflata, C. bursata, C. plica
→ eggs: earthworm intermediate host (2-4 weeks)
Both direct & indirect - C. aerophila ?, C. boehmi?; C. putorii
C. hepatica is different: females deposit groups of eggs in the liver parenchyma where they become encapsulated by host tissue
367
The infective stage of thorny-headed worms develop in insects:
T/F
true
368
Where is Acanthocephalosis (thorny-head worm) found?
small intestine
369
Acantocephala hirundinaceus can't be found in which species?
sheep
370
‘Special’ names of Achantocephala:
Acanthor (= Larva)
| Cystacanth / Acanthella (=Infective larval stage)
371
The thick shelled egg of Achantocephala contains:
Larva (acanthor)
372
What is the acanthor?
L1
373
What has no digestive tract:
Cestode
| Acantocephala (thorny-headed worm) – No alimentary canal. Absorption of nutrients takes place through the cuticle.
374
Macracanthorhinchus hirndinaceus occurs in:
Small intestine (proximal duodenum)
375
Where can you find M. hirundinaceus in Swine?
Small intestine; duodenum and jejunum
