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Parasitology II > Helmintology > Flashcards

Helmintology Flashcards

1
Q

Nowadays we have started to use Praziquantel in horse deworming. Why is that? (?)

A

Because Amitraz is not useful

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2
Q

Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:

A

Thelaziosis

Onchocercosis

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3
Q

Eye disease in grazing Horse via nematodes:

A
  • L3 of Draschia megastoma
  • Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis
  • Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis
  • Microfilariae of Setaria equine
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4
Q

Skin surface migration in humans called:

A

Cutaneous larva migrans – Parasitic worm infection caused by hookworm larvae

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5
Q

They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:

A

Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)

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6
Q

Which is not related to the others?

A

 Cercaria

Related: Procercoid, Plerocercoid, Cysticercoid

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7
Q

Developmental phases of Flukes:

A

Usually 5 stages – Egg - MI – SPO – RE – CE (- Adult)

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8
Q

At least how many larval stages do the Flukes have?

A

5

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9
Q

General life-cycle of Trematodes:

A

Egg - Discharged either in open water or in intestine of definitive host.

Miracidium (plural miracidia) - A free-living motile form, it is covered with cilia, and settles in the mollusc to become a sporocyst.
Sporocyst - An elongated sac, it produces either rediae or more sporocysts.

Redia (plural rediae) - A larval form with an oral sucker, it will produce either more
rediae, or cercariae.

Cercaria (plural cercariae) - The larval form of the parasite, it develops within the germinal cells of the sporocyst or redia. A cercaria has a tapering head with large penetration glands. It may or may not have a long swimming “tail”, depending on the species. The motile cercaria finds and settles in a host where it will become either an adult, or a mesocercaria, or a metacercaria, according to species.
Mesocercaria - A cercaria little modified but resting.
Metacercaria - A cercaria encysted and resting.
Cercaria is also used as a genus of trematodes, when adult forms are not known.

Adult - The fully developed mature stage, it is capable of sexual reproduction.

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10
Q

Which developmental form comes after MIracidium?

A

SPOrocyst

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11
Q

This larval stage follows the REdia stage:

A

CErcaria

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12
Q

Larva leaving intermediate host:

A

CErcaria

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13
Q

What occurs after Metacercariae?

A

Adult

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14
Q

It can occur in the environment:

A

Metacercaria

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15
Q

Which Flukes don’t occur in the intestines?

A
  • F. hepatica
  • D. dendriticum
  • Paramphistomum spp.

Fluke in small intestine: A. alaria

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16
Q

Trematode (Flukes) egg can be detected via:

A

FEC Faecal Egg Count in Paramphistomum – Chronic form, Dicrocoeliosis, Schistosoma
except Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum spp. acute form

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17
Q

Drug to use against Flukes?

A
  • Liver flukes - Triclabendazole – Only fluicide which shows 90-100% efficacy against both early immature and mature Fasciola spp.
  • Rumen fluke – Niclosamide (acute form – against immature intestinal stages) and Levamizol, Oxikolzanid (chronic form – adult flukes are more difficult to remove)
  • Blood flukes – Praziquantel – Young flukes are less sensitive.
  • Alaria flukes – Praziquantel
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18
Q

What is not effective against Flukes?

A

 Ivermectin

Effective against flukes: Triclabendazole, Albendazole, Praziquantel

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19
Q

Liver fluke development:

A

MIS → SPOR → RE1 → RE2 → CE

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20
Q

Which is the intermediate host of Fasciola hepatica (the common liver fluke)?

A

Galba truncatula snail, in Europe only. Parentenic host is cattle.

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21
Q

Hosts of F. hepatica:

A

Wide. Most herbivorous mammals and humans.

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22
Q

Susceptible for Liver fluke:

A

Goat, sheep, cattle, etc.

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23
Q

This/ These animals has/ have low resistance against F. hepatica: MCQ

A
  • Rabbit, Sheep, Goat (also mouse, rat)
  • Delayed resistance – Humans
  • Early resistance – Horse, pig, dog, cat
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24
Q

F. hepatica location:

A

Bile ducts (location where they turn into adults)

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25
Q

Large American liver fluke:

A

Fasciola magna – Large American liver fluke, giant liver fluke, deer fluke

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26
Q

Which is the intermediate host of the Great American fluke?

A

Galba truncatula snail. Parentenic host is cattle (no eggs in faeces).

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27
Q

F. magna egg size:

A

110-160 um with zygote

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28
Q

Deer is the host of which fluke?

A

F. magna /American liver fluke

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29
Q

Choose the right statement:

A

F. Magna can’t complete its life cycle in small ruminants

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30
Q

In which species is F.magna incapsulated?

A

Deer, cattle – Flukes are encapsulated in the liver by host reaction and are less pathogenic

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31
Q

Small ruminants’ fatal death can be caused by:

A

F. magna – In sheep and goats, worms may migrate constantly in the liver tissue causing traumatic hepatitis which is fatal – Affected sheep usually die within 6 months.

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32
Q

Which species lives in a capsule in the liver?

A

F. magna

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33
Q

Which fluke causes caverns in the liver?

A

F. magna

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34
Q

It feeds through the body surface too: (?)

A

Fasciola gigantica (the large liver fluke)

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35
Q

Drug to use against Liver flukes?

A

Liver flukes - Triclabendazole – Only fluicide which shows 90-100% efficacy against both early immature and mature Fasciola spp.

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36
Q

Rumen fluke development:

A

MI → SPO → RE → CE

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37
Q

What is not absolutely necessary in the life-cycle of the Rumen fluke?

A

→ 2 intermediate hosts.
Rumen flukes have an indirect life cycle via freshwater OR amphibious snails as
intermediate hosts.

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38
Q

How can you diagnose acute Paramphistomosis?

A

Necropsy – microscopical examination (since no eggs in acute form, but can do FEC in chronic form)

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39
Q

What is the larval stage that develops in Dicroceolium in ants?

A

Metecercaria

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40
Q

Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:

A

MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE

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41
Q

How many intermediate hosts does Lanceolote fluke have?

A

2 intermediate hosts – Terrestrial snails and Ants

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42
Q

Dicrocoeliosis is:

A

Zoonotic!!

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43
Q

Schistosoma, Dicrocoelium development:

A

MI → SPO1 → SPO2 → CE
Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.
Cercariae – Only Furocercaria (infective stage)

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44
Q

Where in the world is S. mansoni found?

A

Tropical Africa and South America – Tropical and Sub-tropical zones

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45
Q

Which Schistoma species can be found in bladder?

A

S. mansoni (bladder schistosomosis)

S. haematobium ( urinary or bladder schistosomosis)

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46
Q

Blood fluke infects host by:

A

Penetrating skin – Cercariae penetrate skin, rash develops – Called schistosome or simmer’s itch.

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47
Q

What is the name of the infective stage of Blood flukes:

A

Furocercariae

Infection – Percutan or Per os

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48
Q

How do offspring of Blood flukes get out from final host?

A

Eggs

Eggs are spiny, contain Miracidium when passed out in urine or faeces.

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49
Q

Which developmental stages of Blood fluke occur in snail?

A

Spor and Cer

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50
Q

Blood fluke infection from what?

A

Urine and faeces – Contain eggs with miracidium

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51
Q

This parasite do not have metacercaria?

A

Blood-fluke

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52
Q

Number of intermediate hosts in Alaria alata?

A

Two intermediate hosts – Snails (Helisoma spp.) and Tadpoles mesocercaria / Frogs

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53
Q

Alaria alata in Paratenic hosts:

A

Mesocercariae – Wild boar, pig, poultry, humans (lung, eye) – Adults in small intestine

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54
Q

Which Flukes don’t occur in the intestines?

A
  • F. hepatica
  • D. dendriticum
  • Paramphistomum spp.

Fluke in small intestine: A. alaria

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55
Q

Where is Alaria alata? (flatworm)

A

Final hosts - Dog, cat Parentenic hosts (=transport hosts) - Pig, poultry, humans. Small intestine

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56
Q

Phylum: Platyhelminthes (Flatworms) – Class Cestoda (Tapeworm)

A

→ No sexual dimorphism.
→ Life cycle of tapeworms is indirect with one intermediate host, except for Order Pseudophyllidae (Family Diphyllobothriidae).
→ Eggs contain L1 (6-hooked oncosphere) except for D. latum (zygote).
→ Infection per os with L2 except for D. latum (L3)
→ Adults live in small intestine.
→ Cestodoses Infections caused by adults.
→ Metacestodes Infections caused by larvae in intermediate hosts

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57
Q

They belong to the phylum of Flatworms:

A

Trematodes (flukes) and Cestodes (tapeworms)

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58
Q

Proglottids are produced by:

A

Cestoda

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59
Q

What is true about scolex in Cestoda only?

A

For attachment

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60
Q

They have no digestive tract:

A

Cestodes

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61
Q

Diphyllobothriosis does not occur in:

A

 Sheep

It occurs in humans and animals eating fresh-water fish (dog, cat, pig, fox).

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62
Q

Species not effected by Diphylobathrum latum?

A

Cattle

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63
Q

Life cycle of Diphyllobothrium:

A

Indirect life cycle – 2 intermediate hosts; Crustaceans and Freshwater fish
Egg – Coracdiudm (L1) – Procercoid (L2) in Curstaceans – Plerocercoid (L3) in Freshwater fish

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64
Q

Diphyllobothrium causes:

A

Anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency

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65
Q

How does Diphylobotrum latum infect?

A

Per os – Via fish intake

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66
Q

How can a human be infected with Diphyllobothrium latum (broad tapeworm)?

A

Ingestion of fish

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67
Q

Human can be infected by eating infected meat including:

A

Diphylobothrium latum (Human broad tapeworm)

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68
Q

Meat borne infection of human is/are: MCQ

A

Diphylobotriosis

Pork measle

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69
Q

What is inside the ovum of the Diphyllobotrium?

A

Zygote

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70
Q

Diphillobotrium have:

A

Yellow, oval egg with zygote inside.

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71
Q

The offspring of the Broad Tapeworm is shed by the host in which form?

A

Egg

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72
Q

Tapeworm of Ruminants:

A
  • Indirect life cycle
  • Intermediate host – Box mites (Oribatidae)
  • Eggs (with 6 hooked oncosphere) → Cysticercoid L2
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73
Q

Worm which looks like grains of cooked rice in faeces in Sheep:

A

Monezia expansa

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74
Q

Moniezia spp. FEC with flotation:

A
  • M. expansa – Triangular egg

- M. benedeni – Quadrangular egg

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75
Q

It ́s larvae are not hepatophilic:

A

Echinococcus granulosus

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76
Q

The infective stage of Echinoccocus granulosus is:

A

Hyatid cyst

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77
Q

Cystic echinococcosis / Hydatidosis / Hydatid disease:

A
  • One of the most important parasitic zoonoses.
  • Caused by Echinococcus hydatidosus, the infective L2 of E. granulosus. Intermediate host include ruminants, equine, pig, humans.
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78
Q

Infective stage of Echinococcus granulosus in Humans:

A

G1 (from sheep)

G2 (T sheep)

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79
Q

Dosage of Praziquantel against E. granulosus:

A

5mg/kg

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80
Q

Treatment against Echinococcus spp. in Dogs:

A

Praziquantel – 5 mg/kg
Epsiprantel – 7.5 mg/kg
100% efficacy against adults and immature forms!

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81
Q

Ecchinococcus multilocularis can occur in humans:

A

Never
E. multilocularis final host is Dog (rarely cats).
Its larva, E. alveolaris occurs in rodents and humans’ livers.

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82
Q

Can Cat be infected with E. multilocularis?

A

True (rarely)

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83
Q

How many proglottids does Diphyllidium caninum have?

A

Many. In gravid segment, cocoon present (with 3-30 eggs)

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84
Q

Epidemiology – Occupational infection of Dogs:

A

→ Hunting Dog - Taenia pisiformis (since larvae located in rabbit, hare)

→ Butcher’s Dog ungulates)- Taenia hydatigena, E. granulosus (since larvae located in ungulates

→ Shepherd Dog - Taenia multiceps (since larvae located in Ruminants)

→Dog around Pigs - E. granulosus (since larvae located in Swine)

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85
Q

Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:

A

False

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86
Q

What is the name of the most common tapeworm in Horses?

A

Anoplocephela perfoliata

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87
Q

Life cycle of Anoplochephala:

A

Indirect. Cysticercoid (L2) in box mites (Oribatid mites)

In small and large intestine. A. perfoliata tend to congregate at ileo-caecal junction.

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88
Q

What do we diagnose with Proudman method (FEC type)?

A

Anoplochepala perfoliata

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89
Q

Moxidectin isn’t good against:

A

 Anoplocephala
Moxidectin only against Strongyloides
Praziquantel, Pyrantel embonate, Niclosamide against Horse tapeworm.

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90
Q

Which tapeworm spp. can cause auto-infection in humans?

A
  • Taenia solium – via Cysticercus cellulosae (infective L2)
  • Taenia saginata – via Cysticercus bovis (infective L2)
  • Taenia asciatica
  • Diphylobothrum latum
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91
Q

Found in the brain:

A

Cysticercus cellulosae in Human and pig brain, muscles, heart, eyes

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92
Q

The tapeworms belong to:

A

Platyhelminthes

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93
Q

Life-cycle of Tapeworms:

A

Indirect

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94
Q

Which domestic animal doesn’t have a specific Tapeworm species?

A

 Swine

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95
Q

Larva Forms (L2):

A 
→ Cysticeroid - Invertebrates. 1 worm develops in definitive host
→ Strobilocercus - 1 worm
→ Cysticercus - 1 OR many worms
→ Echinococcus - Many worms
→ Coenurus - Many worms
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96
Q

From which do only one tapeworm develop?

A

Cysticercoid and Stobilocercus (and Plerocercoid ?)

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97
Q

Many adult tapeworms develop from this type of larva:

A

Echinococcus and Coenurus

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98
Q

It occurs in vertebrate intermediate host:

A

Plerocercoid – Usually occurring in muscle of fish.

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99
Q

Only one protoscolex develops from:

A

Strobilocercus

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100
Q

This larva is not able to reproduce asexually in the host:

A

Cysticercus

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101
Q

It can develop asexually:

A

Sporocyst

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102
Q

If meat infected:

A

Must be discarded immediately.

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103
Q

Intermediate host of Taenia pisiformis?

A

Rabbits

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104
Q

What is found in muscle?

A
  • Cysticercus cervi
  • Coenurus serialis
  • Cysticercus cellulosae
  • Cysticercus bovis
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105
Q

Which are hepatophilic (=migrate in liver parenchyma)? MCQ (correct, from notes)

A

→ Taenia hydatigena (has infective L2 Cysticercus tenuicollis) - Juvenile worm is hepatophilic
→ Taenia piriformis (has infective L2 Cysticercus piriformis) - Larvae are hepatophilic

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106
Q

The following statement is correct:

A

Hepatophilic tapeworm larva develops to L2

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107
Q

Which is not hepatophilic:

A 
T. longicollis, E. granulosus
Hepatophilic: T. Psiformis, E.alveolata
Are hepatophlic (notes): Juvenile worms, larvae
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108
Q

Beef measles:

A
  • Cysticercus bovis in cattle commonly called bladder worm or beef measles.
  • Caused by Cysticercus bovis; the infective L2 of the human tapeworm Taenia saginata
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109
Q

Carcass unfit for consumption:

A

If 2 or more living cysts are found at more than 1 inspected site.

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110
Q

Pork measles:

A

Carcass damage when tapeworms are encysted in meat.

Caused by Cysticercus cellulosae; the infective L2 of the human pork tapeworm, Taenia solium

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111
Q

Larva of Taenia hydatigena:

A

Is hepatophilic

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112
Q

The intermediate hosts of T. pisiformis are:

A

Rabbit, hare

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113
Q

What is the host sp. of Taenia ovis?

A

dog

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114
Q

Cysticercus tennuicollis is the L2 that develops to T. Ovis

A

False
Cysticercus ovis → Taenia ovis
Cysticercus tennuicollis → Taenia hydatigena

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115
Q

How many worms can come from Cysticercus tenuicollis? (?)

A

One worm b) Two worms c) Many worms d) None

Cysticercus - 1 OR many worms

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116
Q

Cysticercus ovis effects which organs?

A

Muscle, heart

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117
Q

Which one doesn’t occur in muscle?

A

 Cysticercus pisiformis, C. tenuicollis

Both occur in liver and mesentery.

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118
Q

How many protoscolices are in Cysticercus piriformis?

A

one

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119
Q

Tapeworm whose metacestode is C. cellulosae?

A

Taenia solium

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120
Q

Ecchinococcus hydatidiosus is L3:

A

False – It is L2 (infective stage)

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121
Q

Whats the name of tapeworm sp. of red foxes which causes severe infection in Hu?

A

Echinococcus multilocularis – Scientific name of fox tapeworm (Careful! E. alveolaris also as a choice, but this is the infective larva)

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122
Q

It occurs in invertebrate intermediate host:

A

Cysticercoid

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123
Q

‘Hepatitis cysticercosa’ caused by:

A

Cysticercus tenuicollis Cysticercus pisiformis

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124
Q

The infective stage of Taenia solium can develop in?

A

Humans and Pigs

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125
Q

Graphidium strigosum location:

A

Stomach of rabbit

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126
Q

This infection can be detected by inspecting faeces with floatation method: MCQ

A

Spirocercosis Trichostrongylus

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127
Q

It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants: MCQ

A

Chabertia ovina – Colon and rectum

Oesaphgstomum dentatum – Caecum and colon (Ruminants – Also ileum)

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128
Q

Which one has a smooth surface?

A

Toxascaris leonina

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129
Q

PE-2 of this/these species isn’t ascaroid type:

A

→ A. galli and T. leonina – Ascaridoid type

A. suum and P. equorum – Asacaroid type

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130
Q

Galactogenic infection related to what type migration?

A

Toxocaroid type

Hypobiotic larvae – Prenatal (intra-uterine) and lactogenic routes of infection of new- born animals.

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131
Q

Which one has earthworm as intermediate host:

A

Other
→ Lungworms of Pig (Metastrongylus apri, M. pudendotectus, M. salmi) → → Nematode of Dog (Capillaria plica, C. annulata, C. caudinflata, C. bursata)

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132
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus location:

A

Stomach – Gastric mucosa. Pigs

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133
Q

Which lives in the stomach of Swine?

A

H. rubidus – Red stomach worm

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134
Q

Hyostrongylus causes:

A

→ Larvae – Hypertrophic, ulcerative, acute gastritis – Blood in the gastric lumen → Adult Worms – Chronic catarrhal gastritis, gastric ulceration.

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135
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus vs. Oesophagmatum. The eggs can be differentiated:

A

false

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136
Q

It is easy to distinguish the eggs of H. rubidus and Oesophagostomum:

A

false

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137
Q

Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:

A

Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)

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138
Q

Hyostrongylus detection:

A

FEC – Strongyle type eggs – Not distinguishable from the eggs of Oesophagostomum. Necropsy – Red worms, mucosa of stomach is thickened, lenticular, flat nodules. Disease history

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139
Q

What is the infective stage of Amidostomosis?

A

L3 – Egg → L3 hatches, survives in shallow water

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140
Q

It occurs in the gizzard of ducks and birds:

A

Amidostomum anseris

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141
Q

What can be detected in living birds infected with Amidostomum spp.?

A

Eggs from faeces

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142
Q

How does Amidostomum infect?

A

→ Per os and Per cutan

→ Infection orally with water. In goslings, by penetrating through the web.

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143
Q

It does not have extra-intestinal migration:

A

Amidostomum anseris

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144
Q

What is the name of Cat Stomach worm?

A

Ollulanus tricuspis

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145
Q

Hosts of Ollulanosis:

A

Cat, wild cat, other felids. Occasionally dog, fox, pig.

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146
Q

How does the Cat get infected by Stomach worm?

A

Ingestion of vomit

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147
Q

What is the route of infection with Stomach worm of Cat?

A

Ingesting of vomit of infected cat containing L3 – Larvae do not pass out with faeces

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148
Q

What is the infective stage of Cat Stomach worm?

A

L3

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149
Q

What is laid by the female Stomach worm of Cat?

A

L3 – Female is viviparous, eggs develop to L3 ‘in utero’

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150
Q

What is the name of the infective stage of the Cat’s Stomach worm which spread(s) from animals to animals?

A

L3 – Become adults on the gastric mucosa by 5 weeks PI (auto-infection)

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151
Q

What causes parasitic gastroenteritis in Rabbit and Hare?

A
  • Graphidium strigosum - Red worms in gastric mucosa - direct life cycle - infective stage L3
  • Trichostrongylus retortaeformis White worms in small intestine - direct life cycle - infective stage L3
152
Q

Trichostrongylosis in Horses:

A

Trichostrongylus axei – In stomach and proximal small intestine – Direct life cycle – L3 infective stage

153
Q

Trichostrongylus axei is:

154
Q

What is the host specificity of Trichostrongylus axei?

A

Euryxenous

155
Q

The host spectrum of Trichostrongylus axei:

A

Horses, Donkeys

156
Q

Parasitic Gastroenteritis of Ruminants (Trichostrongylidosis)
Life cycle:

A

Direct. Egg – 4 larval stages – L4 Hypobiosis! – ‘Spring and post-parturient rise’ L4 – Adult in lumen
Ostertagia, Haemonchus – Gastric glands
Trichostorngylus, Cooperia, Nematodirus – Lieberkuhm-crypts

157
Q

Cooperia location:

A

Small intestine

158
Q

In which spp. is Haemonchus contortus primarily found?

A

Sheep and goat. Abomasum

159
Q

Which resembles a barber’s pole?

A

Haemonchus contortus

160
Q

In which spp. is Haemonchus placei primarily found?

161
Q

Type 1 or ‘Summer Ostertagiosis’:

A

High morbidity Low mortality

162
Q

Type 2 or ‘Winter Ostertagiosis’:

A

Low morbidity High mortality

163
Q

Which has a bent head?

164
Q

Hookworm in carnivores. Feeding habits and location:

A

Adults are blood feeders. In small intestine.

165
Q

The cats can be infected with Uncinaria stenocephala:

A

True - Nematode that infects dog, cat, fox, humans.

166
Q

What happens to human if infected with Ancylostomatidosis?

A

Creeping eruption
Also due to Strongyloides stercoralis (Strongyloidosis of Dogs) - L3 of S. stercoralis can penetrate the human skin – ‘Cutaneous larva migrans’ or creeping eruption’

167
Q

What happens if Humans are infected with Hookworms from Dogs?

A

Creeping eruption or Cutaneous larva migrans – Due to L3 of Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense (hookworms of Dogs)

168
Q

Dipylidium caninum can cause visceralis larva migrans in Human:

169
Q

Which ways can Cat be infected with Hookworms?

A

→ Per os – Uncinaria infection this way only!
→ Per cutan – Somatic migration in animals older than 3 months!
→ With milk – Trans-mammary
→ Pre-natal
→ By paratenic hosts

170
Q

The endectocides are effective against:

A

Hookworms – Anti-helminthic used against roundworms.

171
Q

Which Nematode is in small Ruminants ?

A

Bunostomum trigonocephalum – Lambs

172
Q

Small ruminant Hookworm is called:

A

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

173
Q

Which species is found in sheep, goat, wild ruminants?

A

Bunostomum trigonocephalum

174
Q

Which bunostomum species infects Cattle?

A

Bunostomum phlebotomum

175
Q

Hookworm route of infection in ruminants:

A

Mainly per-cutan or orally.

176
Q

Strongyloides are:

A

Oviparous

Oviviviparous

177
Q

How many different life cycles of Strongyloidosis?

A

→ 2 kinds of development - Homogonic and Heterogonic
→ Homogonic – Parasitic cycle - Unfavourable conditions – Young animals – Adult population of parthenogenetic females.
→ Heterogonic – Parasitic and Free-living reproductive cycle – Favourable conditions – Older animals – Free-living males and females.

178
Q

How many intermediate hosts is/are needed in development of Strongyloides spp.?

A

0 – Direct development

179
Q

Location of adult Strongyloides spp. (dwarf worms):

A

Small intestine

180
Q

Where does the Threadworm live in the host?

A

Small intestine

181
Q

Strongyloides spp. (Dwarf nematode) infection:

A
  • Per cutan Ruminants and PigsPP 6 days in Pigs, PP 9 days in Ruminants
  • Per os Ruminants and PigsPP 3 days in Pigs, PP 5 days in Ruminants
  • Auto-infection Humans and Dogs only!
182
Q

What is speed of development of galactogenic infection compared to per-cutan infection of Strongyloidosis?

A
  • Swine 3 days galactogenic vs. 6 days per-cutan

- Ru. 5 days galactogenic vs. 9 days per-cutan

183
Q

How does galactogenic infection of Strongyloides happen?

A
  • Hypobiotic larvae reactivate and charge

- Larvae development arrested – Migrate to mammary gland – Colostral and lactogenic infection

184
Q

How does auto-infection larva of Strongyloides develop? (auto-infection= host remains infected)

A

Go to intestine after lung passage

185
Q

Name of Dwarf Worm in Pig?

A

S. ransomi

186
Q

How are Pigs infected with Dwarf Worms?

A
  • Per os - PP 3 days
  • Per cutan - PP 6 days
  • With milk - PE2 is 3 days
187
Q

Diagnosis strongyloides

A

Ellipsoidal egg – Containing morula or L1

188
Q

How do Sheep get infected with ‘Dwarf Nematode’ ?

A

Per cutan – Through the skin of legs

189
Q

Most common infection of Strongyloides in Sheep?

A

Per cutan (and per os ?)

190
Q

What is the host species of Strongyloides westeri?

A

Horses and Donkeys

191
Q

S. westeri’s main route of infection:

A

Colostral and Lactogenic infection in very young Foals

192
Q

S.westeri transmission in Foals:

A

Colostral and Lactogenic infection

193
Q

Most common way of infection of Foals with Threadworms:

A

Galactogenic

194
Q

Route of infection in Dogs:

195
Q

In the faeces of Pups with Strongyloides occurs:

196
Q

In Puppy faeces, you find which form of Strongyloides?

A

Free L1 pass in the faeces

197
Q

It occurs in Dogs:

A

Strongyloides stercoralis

198
Q

Threadworm (Strongyloides stercoralis) location:

A

Small intestine – All Strongyloidosis are located here

199
Q

Can Strongyloidosis of Dogs infect Humans? (Strongyloides of Dogs)

A
  • True – L3 of S. stercoralis can penetrate the human skin – ‘Cutaneous larva migrans’ or creeping eruption’
  • Also due to Hookworm of dogs - L3 of Ancylostoma caninum and A. braziliense (hookworms of Dogs)
200
Q

Intestinal Roundworms characts.

A

→ In the small intestine.
→ Do not attach to the intestinal mucosa.
→ Stenoxenous – Specific host species.
→ Life Cycle – Direct. Females are oviparous.
→ Eggs – Ovoid, thick-shelled with zygote. Three layers of the egg-shell – Highly resistant to environmental effects.
→ Infection
- Per os via larvated eggs (L3)
- Pre-natal
- Lactogenic (colostral)
- Eating infected paratenic hosts
- PE2 Phase of the Life
→ Cycle:-
- Ascaroid type – Hepato-pulmonary passage of larvae – Ascaris suum, Parascaris equorum
- Toxocaroid type – Somatic migration and arrested development of the larvae – Toxocara canis, Toxocara vitulorum
- Ascaridoid type – Ascaridia galli, Toxoascaris leonina

201
Q

Roundworm disease of Carnivores (Toxocarosis, Toxascariosis)

A
  • Toxocara canis - Dog, fox
  • Toxocara cati - Cat (=T. mystax)
  • Toxascaris leonine - Dog, fox, cat, lion
202
Q

Life cycle:

A

Direct

Egg – L3

203
Q

Which has smooth surface of egg?

A

Toxascaris leonina

204
Q

Which one is distinguishable from the other because of its morphology?

A

Toxascaris leonina – Colourless, egg-shell with smooth surface

T. cati and T. canis – Brownish/Colourless, egg-shell with pitted surface

205
Q

T. canis:

A

PE2 depends on the host age!

  • Ascaroid type Younger than 1 month PP 28 days
  • Toxocaroid type Older than 1 month
206
Q

T. cati:

A

PE2 similar to that of T. canis except that no intra-uterine infection in cats; most
relevant is the lactogenic route.

207
Q

The intra-uterine infection of Cats with T. cati is more common than galactogenic:

A

False – No intra-uterine infection in cats

208
Q

T. leonina:

A

PE2 – Ascaridoid type

209
Q

How can Dogs become infected with Roundworms?

A
  • Per os – Larvated eggs L3 – PP 28 days or more
  • Pre-natal or Intra-uterine – PP 16 days
  • Trans-mammary or Lactogenic
  • Eating the infected paratenic host – PP 19 days
210
Q

Roundworm disease of Cattle (Bovine Toxocarosis)

A

Toxocara vitulorum Cattle, Buffalo. Occasionally Sheep, Goat. vitulorum)

211
Q

Bovine toxocarosis occurs in:

A

Calves younger than 6 months – Patent infections – Ingestion of larvated eggs does not result in patent infection!

212
Q

Roundworm disease of Pigs (Porcine Ascariosis)

A

Ascaris suum Pig, wild Boar

213
Q

Clinical signs of Ascaris suum:

A

Acute or Chronic multiple intestinal hepatitis – ‘Milk spots’ or ‘White spots’

214
Q

Eggs of Ascaris suum:

A

Ovoid, mammillated thick shell – Coprophagia → False positivity.

215
Q

Infection of Ascaridia suum with:

A

L3 – Egg with L3

216
Q

Roundworm disease of Birds (Ascaridiosis)

A
  • Ascaridae galli - Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, duck, game birds
  • Ascaridae columbae - Pigeon
  • Ascaridae dissimilis - Turkey
217
Q

Ascaridoid type:

A

PE2 - Ascaridia galli

218
Q

Ascaridia infective form:

A

Infection by larvated eggs OR by eating paratenic hosts (earthworms)
PE2 – ascaridoid type

219
Q

Which egg is similar to Ascaridia galli?

A

Heterakis gallinarum

220
Q

The eggs of A. galli is hard to distinguish from that of:

A

Heterakis gallinarum – They can be distinguished based on their size.

221
Q

Caecal Worm disease of Birds (Heterakiosis)

A
  • Heterakis gallinarum - Domestic fowl, guinea fowl, turkey, pigeon, pheasant, (duck, goose)
  • Heterakis dispar - Duck, goose
222
Q

Heterakis spp. location:

A

Caecum. Occasionally large and small intestines.

223
Q

Heterakis spp. vector of:

A

Histomonas meleagridis

224
Q

Strongyle Infection of Horse and Donkeys

A
  • Strongylidosis – Infection with adults of large and small strongyles.
  • Strongylosis – Infection with extra-intestinal migrated larvae of large strongyles.
  • Cyanthostomosis, Cyanthostominosis – Infection with small strongyles.
225
Q

Occurrence of Strongyle decreased since: (?)

A

Regular use of anti-helminthic treatment

226
Q

Small strongyle diagnosis:

A

Faecal examination – Strongyle-type eggs

227
Q

Strongyle infection in faecal sample of a 7 month-old Horse. Most likely infected by:

A
  • S. equinus - Adult by 9 months PI
  • S. edentatus - Adult by 11 months PI
    (Not S. vulgaris, since adults by 6 months PI and Horse is 7 months old)
    (Not small strongyles; since adults by 1.5 – 3 months)
228
Q

Strongylidosis caused by:

A 
Large Strongyles:
- Strongylus equinus (2)
- S. vulgaris (4)
- S. edentates (no teeth)
Small strongyles: cyathostomum 
worldwide in grazing equine
229
Q

Strongylidosis infection:

230
Q

Moxidectin is effective against:

A

Strongylidosis

231
Q

Cyathostominosis is:

A

The synchronous emergence of thousands of hypo-biotic Cyathostome L4

232
Q

How can you detect small Strongyle infection of Horses?

A
  • FEC with flotation

- Coprological examination – Strongyle-type eggs. Clinical signs. Grazing history.

233
Q

You can find strongyle-type eggs in the faecal sample of a 7 month-old Horse. It may be infected with:

A
  • S. equinus - Adult by 9 months PI
  • S. edentatus - Adult by 11 months PI
    (Not S. vulgaris, since adults by 6 months PI and Horse is 7 months old)
    (Not small strongyles; since adults by 1.5 – 3 months)
234
Q

What kind of drug(s) has/have good efficacy against encysted larvae of Small Strongyles?

A

Fenbendazole

Moxidectin

235
Q

Treatment small strongyles

A
  • Several anti-helminthics are effective against adult Strongyles…but not against mucosal larval stages of Cyathstome
  • Against encysted larvae – Fenbendazole and Moxidectin
  • Against migrating larvae and adult stages of large Strongyles - Ivermectin
236
Q

They can cause the Nodular Worm infection of Ruminants :

A

Oesophagostomum spp.

237
Q

It causes the infection of Pigs:

A

Oesophagostomum quadrispinulatum and Oesophagostomum dentatum

238
Q

It causes the infection of Cattle:

A

Oesophagostomum radiatum

239
Q

It cause the infection of small Ruminants:

A

Oesophagostomum columbianum

240
Q

Oesophagstomum infection via:

A

Ingestion of L3. But skin penetration possible (pigs).

241
Q

Where do Oesophagostomum worms live?

A

In the large intestine

Caecum and colon. Ruminants – Also in the ileum.

242
Q

No extra-intestinal migration:

A

Oesophagostomum

243
Q

Oesophagostomum infective stage:

A

L3 - Larval stages are more pathogenic.

244
Q

Infection with Oesophagostomum species:

A

With L3 per os

245
Q

Has histotrophic phase:

A

Oesopghagostomum

246
Q

It is characteristic for the development of Oesophagostomum:

A

Histotrophic phase

247
Q

Oesophagstomum eggs (strongyle-type eggs) are hard to distinguish from:

A

Hysostrongylus eggs (stomach worm)

248
Q

Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?

A

Oesophagostomum

249
Q

Oxyuriosis (Pinworm Disease of Equids)

A
  • Oxyuris equi - Common pinworm

- Probstmayria vivipara - Minute pinworm

250
Q

How to detect Oxyuris equi:

A

Other method
Eggs from perineal region with adhesive tape. Gravid females stick their eggs at once in clumps to the skin of the perianal region. Females then die (males die after copulation).

251
Q

Host of Passalurus ambiguous: (also known as Oxyuris ambigua)

A

Rabbit

Lagomorphs. Wild or pet rabbits, and hares. Rabbit pinworm.

252
Q

Passalurus ambiguous location:

A

Caecum and colon

253
Q

Where can you find Passaluris:

A

Caecum and colon

254
Q

Passalurus lay:

A

L3 – Egg with infective larva (L3) when laid to the peri-anal skin or passed out with the faeces

255
Q

What is the genus name of Whipworms?

256
Q

What hosts spp. don’t have Whipworm / Trichuris spp.?

257
Q

Location of Trichuris spp.:

A

Caecum and colon

258
Q

Trichuris vulpis can be found in the duodenum?

A

False – Mainly in the caecum.

259
Q

Infective stage of Whipworm:

A

L1

Adults are hematophagous i.e. more infective than mucosal larvae.

260
Q

Ways Cats are infected with Trichuris:

A

Per os – Food or water with whipworm eggs

261
Q

Detection of Trichuris spp.:

A
  • Eggs – Flotation – But intermittent egg shedding can cause false negative results.
  • Faecal tests for specific parasite antigens.
262
Q

Chabertia ovina (large-mouthed bowel worm) location:

A

Large intestine – Colon and rectum

263
Q

It lives in the large intestine of Ruminants (sheep, goat):

A

Chabertia ovina

264
Q

Which one of these have similar development as Chabertia?

A

Oesophagostomum

Both spp. have a direct life-cycle, similar to each other.

265
Q

What is the Latin name of worm living in birds’ trachea?

A

Syngamus trachea – Gapeworm

266
Q

Syngamus trachea host:

A
  • Domestic fowl, turkeys, pheasants, game birds, and patridges
  • Domestic fowl older than 2-3 months – Resistance! – Age resistance
267
Q

Syngamus trachea has an intermediate host?

A

False - Has a parentenic host; earthworm.

268
Q

Dictyocaulus infective form:

269
Q

Dictyocaulosis of Cattle (Husk Hoose) (Verminous or Parasitic Bronchitis)

A
  • Dictyocaulus viviparus

- Dictyocaulus eckerti

270
Q

Dictyocaulosis of Sheep and Goat

A

Dictyocaulus filaria

271
Q

What can you find in faecal sample of Sheep infected with Dictyocaulus filaria?

A

Eggs containing L1

272
Q

Dictyocaulosis of Donkey and Horse

A

Dictyocaulus arnfieldi - Donkey. Rarely in horse and pony.

273
Q

Protstrongylidosis of Sheep and Goat (Nodular Lungworm Disease)

A
  • Small lungworms
  • In the small bronchi - Protstrongylus rufescens
  • In the lung parenchyma - Cytocaulus orcreatus, Muellerius capillaris, Neostrongylus linearis
274
Q

Nodular lungworm life-cycle:

A

Indirect
L1 in the faeces (L1 has umbrella rod appearance) (females are oviparous) – Intermediate hosts (terrestrial snails, slugs) – L3 infection by swallowing snails OR free L3 … Adult in lumen of bronchiole and small bronchi.

275
Q

The worm-knot contains one sexually active worm in the lung of Sheep:

A
  • False
  • Brood Nodules – Contain sexually active worms and masses of eggs and larvae.
  • Worm-knots – Contain sexually inactive, viable, adult worms only.
276
Q

Metastrongylosis (Lungworm disease of Pigs)

A

Metastrongylus apri
M. pudendotectus
M. salmi
More frequently wild boar

277
Q

Life cycle: metastrongylosis

A

Indirect

Larvated eggs – Intermediate hosts (earthworms) – L3…Adults in the small bronchi.

278
Q

Lungworm disease carnivores

A

Domestic and wild canids

  • Oslerus osleri
  • Filaroides milksi, Filaroides hirthi
  • Eucoleus aerophilus (syn. Capillaria aerophila)
  • Crenosoma vulpis
  • Angiostrongylus vasorum
  • Dirofilaria immitis

Domestic cats & wild felids

  • Aelurostrongylus obstrusus
  • Troglostrongylus subcrenatus
  • Oslerus rostratus
  • Dirofilaria immitis
  • Trigostrongylus brevior, T. wilsoni, Skjabinocaulus spp, Gurltia spp
279
Q

Life cycle lungworm carnivores

A

All direct life cycle - All L1 infective stage
except Crenosoma vulpis (fox lungworm), Angiostrongylus vasorum (French
heartworm), Aelurostorngylus abstrusus (cat lungworm), Oslerus rostratus – Indirect

280
Q

Oslerus osleri: Dog

281
Q

Filaroides milksi, Filaroides hirthi: Dog

A

L1 – Infective stage – Transmitted by saliva, coprophagy, licking.

282
Q

Filaroides milksi can effect Cats:

A

False - Effects dogs, mainly young puppies.

283
Q

Eucoleus aerophilus: Dog Cat

A

Infection

  • By eggs containing infective stage L1
  • By earthworms – Paratenic host
284
Q

Cresoma vulpis: Fox. Rarely in Dog and Cat

A

Indirect life cycle L1 (in faeces) – Intermediate hosts (molluscs)
Infection by snails or slugs (L3)

285
Q

Angiostrogylus vasorum: Dog Cat

A

→ French Heartworm
→ In canids. Rarely in cats.
→ Angiostrongylosis is an important emerging infectious disease. More prevalent in Western Europe.
→ Life cycle – Indirect>25 spp. of slugs and snails can be intermediate hosts
- L1 (in the faeces) → Intermediates hosts (molluscs) → L3
- L3 → Mesenteric lymph nodes where they mature to the L5
- Adults in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart
→ Pathogenic effect: Adult worms in blood vessels. Eggs / Larvae in the pulmonary arterioles and capillaries may cause endocarditis → Pulmonary thromboangiitis → CHF
→ Clinical signs: Respiratory signs. Coagulopathies. Neurological manifestations. Ocular signs. Sudden death following infection may occur.
→ Diagnosis: L1 from faecal samples. Serological tests using A / AB ELISA and Western blot techniques. Necropsy → Ectopic adult worms have been detected in the eye, pericardium, and urinary bladder.

286
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum needs snail as intermediate host:

A

True – Many spp. of slugs and snails act as intermediate hosts.

287
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum life cycle:

A

Indirect
>25 spp. of slugs and snails as intermediate hosts → L1 (in the faeces) → Intermediate hosts (molluscs) → L3 → Mesenteric lymph nodes where they mature to the L5 → Adults in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of the heart.

288
Q

Can Cats get French heartworm (Angiostrongylus vasorum)?

A

Yes – Rarely in Cats!

289
Q

The French heartworm has been recently detected in:

A

More prevalent in Western Europe.
Endemic in distinct areas of Austria, Denmark, France, Greece, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, and the UK, and over-seas.

290
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus: Cat

A
  • Indirect
  • L1 (in faeces) → Intermediate hosts (snails and slugs)
  • Paratenic hosts (small rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles) play an important role.
291
Q

The name of the Lungworm of Cats is:

A

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

292
Q

Aelurostrongylus worms occur in which animal?

293
Q

What is the length of the Lungworm of Cats?

A

1 cm – A. abstrusus is 5-10mm

294
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus travels to lung parenchyma and bronchia via:

295
Q

Where does the Cat’s Aelurostrongylus worm develop?

A

Bronchiole and alveolar ducts

296
Q

What can be in the faeces of Cat infected with Lungworm?

297
Q

The intermediate host of Lungworm of Cats are:

A
  • Land snails – Snails and slugs

- But usually east paratenic hosts.

298
Q

The paratenic hosts of Lungworm of Cats are:

A

Small rodents, birds, amphibians, reptiles

299
Q

How can we detect A. abstrusus in Cats?

A
  • Baermann technique - The most common nematode parasites detected with the Baermann test are Aelurostrongylus abstrusus in Cats and Strongyloides stercoralis in Dogs.
  • Detection of L1 from faecal samples
300
Q

Oslerus rostratus: Cat

A
  • L1
  • Indirect life cycle

n.b. Troglostrongylus brevior is a neglected Feline Lungworm spp., which has been increasingly reported in the Mediterranean area; although scant data is available on the respiratory alterations it causes in Cats.

301
Q

Dirofilaria repens (Cutaneous Dirofilariosis)

A
  • Double infection with Dirofilaria immitis may occur!
  • Dirofilaria repens – Adults are found in non-painful nodules in the sub-cutis of Dogs,
    Cats, wild Carnivores, and Humans.
    -
    Life cycle: Indirect – Intermediate hosts are mosquitoes – PP 7-9months
  • Detection: Microfilariae detected from blood with modified Knott method – Ite resembles microfilariae of D. immitis.
302
Q

Dirofilaria immitis - Heartworm Disease (Cardiovascular Dirofilariosiss)

A

Zoonotic! – Pulmonary dirofilariosis in humans.

  • Hosts: Domestic Dog and some wild Canids. Occasionally Cat, other Felids,
    Mustelids, Sea lions and Humans.
  • Life Cycle: Indirect – Intermediate hosts are mosquitoes. – PP 7-9 months
    The juvenile worms first in the small pulmonary arteries 2-3 months later. Then become sexually mature about 4 months post-infection.
    Dog develop patent infections (i.e. have circulating microfilariae) as early as 6 months, but usually by 7-9 months after infection.
    Cats – HARD – Heartworm Associated Respiratory Distress
  • Diagnosis: Microfilariae – Modified Knott method OR Filtration test (D. repens!). very rarely in Cats.
    → Serology – Detection of antigen of female worms. Only in Dogs.
    → Serology – Detection of antigen and/or antibodies in Cats.

The earlies that Heartworm antigen and microfilariae can be detected is about 5 and
6 months post infection, respectively.
Antigenemia may be supressed until about 9 months post infection, in infected Dog receiving mactocylci lactone chemoprophylaxis.
There is no need nor justification for testing a Dog for antigen and microfilariae prior to 7 months of age!!!

303
Q

Treatment dirofilariosis immitis

A

Adults – Immiticide (Melarsomine)
Macrocyclic lactones (Ivermectin, Moxidectin)
Doxycycline (against Wolbachia spp.)

304
Q

Fertilised worms of D. Immitis can be found at 4 month:

A

True – Become sexually mature at 4 months.

305
Q

First microfilariae appear in blood of Dog with Dirofilaria immitis only____ after infection.?

A

6-7 months

306
Q

Clinical sign of Cat with Heartworm?

A

Coughing
Tachypnoe, dyspnoea, or coughing. Intermittent vomiting, sudden death preceded by respiratory distress (HARD – Heartworm Associated Respiratory Distress)

307
Q

What do you detect in Dogs infected with Dirofilaria immitis? MCQ

A

Microfilariae

Serology – Detection of antigen of female worms only in Dogs!

308
Q

Diagnosis of Dirofilaria:

A

Modified Knott method – Both D. repens and D. immitis

309
Q

Heartworm diagnosis via serology:

A

→ Dog – Detection of antigen of female worms only in dogs! E.g. Witness Dirofilaria, DiroCheck ELISA, SNAP 4Dx
→ Cat – Detection of antigen and/or antibodies in cats
→ The earlier that heartworm antigen and microfilariae can be detected is about 5 and 6 months post-infections, respectively. No justification in testing prior to 7 months of age.

310
Q

What is the effective drug against D.immitis adults?

A

Melarsomine

311
Q

Melarsomine kills:

A

Adults of Dirofilaria immitis. Not effective against worms younger than 4 months old.

312
Q

Medication against Dirofilaria immitis:

A
  • Melarsomine – Adult D. immitis
  • Ivermectine, Moxidectin (Macrocyclic lactones) – Adult D. immitis
  • Doxycycline – Against Wolbachia spp.
313
Q

Trichinellosis (Trichinosis) (Muscle-worm disease)

Zoonotic?

A

Yes. Food-borne parsito-zoonosis

314
Q

Size of Trichinella:

315
Q

What is the infective stage of Trichinella sp.?

A

L1 – Muscle Trichinella

316
Q

Trichinella spp. life cycle:

A

→ Indirect – No free living stage!
→ Auto-heteroxeny – Adult (intestinal Trichinella in small intestine) and infective L1 (muscle trichinella) in the same host.

317
Q

In EU, majority of Trichinella infections caused by:

A
  • T. spiralis, T. britovi and T. nativa

- Few cases caused by T. pseudospiralis and T. murelli have also been described.

318
Q

In Europe, majority of Human infection is caused by which Trichinella?

A

T. spiralis

319
Q

Infective Trichinella may survive in___pork for many months: MCQ

A

In smoked, salted, and pickled pork – Larvae may survive for months (at 4-5°C up to
300 days!)

320
Q

There are free living larvae of Trichinella sp.?

A

False

No free living stage!

321
Q

Trichinella spp. infective stage:

A

L1 - Muscle larvae are considered to be infective from day 15 PI in Pigs

322
Q

Trichinella is encapsulated in which tissue?

A

L1 encapsulated in striated skeletal muscle Its infectious larvae are capsulated: MCQ Trichinella britovi
Trichinella native

 No cysts in T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabawenis, T. papuae

323
Q

Trichinella first in:

A

Small intestine – Mating – L1 – Bloodstream - Pectoral mm. (skeletal mm.)

324
Q

Detection of Trichinella:

A

→ Artificial digestion, ELISA
→ Detection of L1 in striated muscles
→ Direct squash or Compressorium technique (trichinoscopy)
→ Artificial digestion
→ Regulation (EC) 2075/2005 – All domestic Pigs and Horses slaughtered for human consumption must be sampled for Trichinella as part of the post-mortem examination
→ Pigs – Diaphragm Horses – Tongue and Masseter

325
Q

Treatment of encysted larvae of ________?

A

Trichinella britovi
Trichinella native

 No cysts in T. pseudospiralis, T. zimbabawenis, T. papuae

326
Q

Treatment of Trichinella: MCQ

A

Fenbendazole
Albendazole
Also Mebendazole, Flubendazole

327
Q

Habronematidoses of Horses and Donkeys

A
  • Draschia megastoma → In fundus region of the stomach wall
  • Habronema muscae, H. microstoma → In layer of mucus covering the gastric
    mucosa
328
Q

Life cycle: Habronematidoses

A

Indirect → L1 → Larvae of Muscoid flies → L3 deposited when flies feed on a moist warm surface of host → L3 deposited on wound s→ Chronic, granulomatous skin lesions without further development

329
Q

3 distincts clinical forms of Habronematidoses

A
  1. Stomach Habronematidosis – By adult worms
  2. LungHabronematidosis
  3. Cutaneous Habronematidosis – Readily bleeding, non-healing, cauliflower-like
    granulomatous lesions – Called summer sores – Complete healing only in the cold season
    → L3 deposited on the conjunctiva. L3 deposited on the skin of external genitals of Stallions.
330
Q

What cause summer sores in Horses?

A 
Cutaneous habronematidosis
(Summer bleeding - Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey)
331
Q

Spirocercosis of Dogs

A

Spirocerca lupi
Wall of the oesophagus or stomach In animals older than 6 months.
Treatment: Milbemicin oxim

332
Q

Thelaziosis (Eye-worm infection of Cattle)

A 
Cattle: 
- Thelazia rhodesi 
- T. gulosa
- T. skrjabini
Intermediate hosts (i.e. indirect life cycle) – Musca domestica, M. autumnalis, M.
larvipara
333
Q

Thelaziosis in Cattle and Horse?

A

Cattle: T. gulosa, T. rhodesi, T. skrjabini Horse: T. lacrymalis

334
Q

It can cause eye-worm infection in Cattle:

335
Q

Parasites effecting the Cow’s eye:

A

Thelaziosis

Onchocercosis

336
Q

Thelaziosis (Eye-worm of Equids)

A

Horse Thelezia lacrymalis

337
Q

Thelaziosis in Cattle and Horse?

A

Cattle: T. gulosa, T. rhodesi, T. skrjabini Horse: T. lacrymalis

338
Q

Eye worm in Horse:

A

Thelazia lacrymalis

339
Q

Eye disease in grazing Horse via nematodes:

A
  • L3 of Draschia megastoma
  • Adults of Thelazia lacrymalis
  • Microfilariae of Onchocerca cervicalis
  • Microfilariae of Setaria equine
340
Q

Thelaziosis (Eye-worm of Dog)

A
  • Dog, red fox, cat
    → Thelezia callipaeda ((oriental eye-worm) - IH = Phortica variegate (Diptera)
    → T. californiensis - IH = Musca autumnalis (face fly)

rarely humans

341
Q

Eye worm in Dog:

A

Thelezia californiesis, T. Calipaeda and Onchocera

342
Q

Summer bleeding caused by:

A

Parafilaria multipapillosa in horse and donkey

Summer sores in Horses - Cutaneous habronematidosis

343
Q

Summer bleeding location:

A
  • In small haemorrhagic nodules formed in the sub-cutaneous and inter-muscular connective tissue
  • Females pierce the skin of nodules, causing bleeding of short duration – Commonly named as ‘summer bleeding’, ‘bloody sweat’, ‘bleeding point’ – Heals rapidly.
344
Q

Vector for summer bleeding:

A

Muscoid flies – Haemaotbia atripalpis

345
Q

Summer bleeding can be treated with:

A

Ivermectin, Moxidectin

346
Q

Parafilariosis of Cattle

A

Parafilaria bovicola

IH – Musca autumnalis (face fly)

347
Q

Stephanofilariosis

A

Stephanofilaria spp.

IH – Flies e.g. Haematobia irritans

348
Q

Onchocercosis imp.

A

Caused by a number of Onchocerca spp.

  • Horse & Donkeys: O. cervicalis, O. reticulata
  • Bovine: O. gutturosa, O. lienalis, O. gibsoni
  • Deer: O. jakutensis
  • Wild boar: O. dewittei japonica

Viviparous females

  • Life cycle: Indirect - PP: 16 months
  • Intermediate Hosts: Blackflies’ or Biting midges
  • Microfilariae – Migrate in the subdermal connective tissue and accumulate in:-
  • Head and neck region O. gutturosa (Ru)
  • Near the umbilicus O. lienalis (Ru)
  • Along ventral midline O. cervicalis and O. reticulata (Eq)
349
Q

Onchocercosis

Clinical Signs: In Equine:-

A
  1. Open purulent lesions at the whither region – O. cervicalis in the nuchal ligament
  2. Onchoceral dermatitis – Summer itch, cutaneous onchocercosis, ventral midline
    dermatitis.
  3. Micro-filariae of O. cervicalis – Eyes – Keratoconjunctivitis, chorioretinitis.
350
Q

Onchocercosis

Clinical Signs: In bovine

A

Lesions in tendons, muscles and ligaments of bovine hind- legs.

351
Q

Onchocercosis

Diagnosis

A

Demonstration of microfilariae:
Skin biopsy
Tissue fluid appearing at predilection skin region

352
Q

Vector for Onchocerciosis:

A

Black flies of the genus Simulium
OR
Biting midges of the genus Culicoides

353
Q

Which causes conjunctivitis in Horse?

A

Oncocercosis cervicalis

354
Q

It can infect the eye of Horses too:

A

Onchocerca cervicalis

355
Q

Onchocerca lupi imp.

A

Zoonosis!!!

Life Cycle: Indirect Intermediate hosts: Black flies

Acute or chronic ocular disease

Acute cases – Conjunctivitis, exophthalmos, peri-orbital swelling, photophobia, discomfort, lacrimation, and discharge without granuloma nor cyst formation around the worms.

356
Q

Onchocerca lupi does not infect the eyes:

A

False – Causes acute or chronic ocular disease in Dogs

357
Q

What is the name of the eye-worm of Dogs?

A

Onchocerca lupi

358
Q

Cercopithfilaria spp. (Sub-dermal)

A

Cercopithifilaria grassii – Italy, Switzerland Cercopithifilaria bainae – Brazil

IH: Rhipicephalus sanguineus

359
Q

Setariosis

A

Setaria equina - Equine Microfilariae occasionally in the eye.
IH: Mosquitoes

Migrating larvae may reach brain and spinal cord - Cerebrospinal setariosis – Lumbar paralysis, paraplegia.

360
Q

Where can you find the adults of Setaria equina?

A

Peritoneal and pleural cavity

361
Q

In Horse abdomen:

362
Q

What can you detect from peripheral blood?

363
Q

How to detect Setaria equina?

A

Knott method - Diagnosis of microfilaria in blood.

364
Q

Name a Nematode in the Dog bladder:

A

Capillaria plica

365
Q

Capillaria infective stage:

A

L1

n.b. Life-cycle can be direct or indirect, depends on spp.! Direct – L1 (infective stage) develops in the eggs

366
Q

The life cycle of Capillaria plica is direct:

T/F

A

False.
It is indirect, with the intermediate host being the earthworm and final host being canines and felines.

PP: 3-4 weeks, C. plica: 8 weeks

Direct - C. obsignata, C. contorta, C. anatis, C. hepatica, C. bovis, C. longipes
→ L1 (infective stage) develops in the eggs (1 week - 1 month)

Indirect - C. annulata, C. caudinflata, C. bursata, C. plica
→ eggs: earthworm intermediate host (2-4 weeks)

Both direct & indirect - C. aerophila ?, C. boehmi?; C. putorii

C. hepatica is different: females deposit groups of eggs in the liver parenchyma where they become encapsulated by host tissue

367
Q

The infective stage of thorny-headed worms develop in insects:
T/F

368
Q

Where is Acanthocephalosis (thorny-head worm) found?

A

small intestine

369
Q

Acantocephala hirundinaceus can’t be found in which species?

370
Q

‘Special’ names of Achantocephala:

A

Acanthor (= Larva)

Cystacanth / Acanthella (=Infective larval stage)

371
Q

The thick shelled egg of Achantocephala contains:

A

Larva (acanthor)

372
Q

What is the acanthor?

373
Q

What has no digestive tract:

A

 Cestode

 Acantocephala (thorny-headed worm) – No alimentary canal. Absorption of nutrients takes place through the cuticle.

374
Q

Macracanthorhinchus hirndinaceus occurs in:

A

Small intestine (proximal duodenum)

375
Q

Where can you find M. hirundinaceus in Swine?

A

Small intestine; duodenum and jejunum

Parasitology II (3 decks)

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