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Clinical Medicine: Infectious Disease (Part 2) > Helminths > Flashcards

Helminths Flashcards

1
Q

Ancylostoma duodenale and Necator americanus are the most common types of this helminth and are most commonly found in tropical and subtropical regions.

A

Hookworms

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2
Q

How do most cases of Hookworm present?

A

Asymptomatically

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3
Q

Hookworm infections may present with what type of rash?

A

Pruritic maculopapular rash
- sometimes with serpiginous tracks of larval migration

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4
Q

Hookworm infection causes: dry cough, wheezing, and low fever. What are the larvae of the Hookworm doing during this phase?

A

Migrating to the Lungs

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5
Q

One month after the hookworms migrate through the lungs, where do they go to next?

A

Gastrointestinal Tract
- pain
- diarrhea
- anorexia

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6
Q

Large infestations of Hookworm can lead to what?

A

Iron-deficiency Anemia
Protein Malnutrition

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7
Q

How is Hookworm diagnosed?

A

Eggs in Feces - Ova & Parasite Test
CBC - Microcytic Anemia + Eosinophilia

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8
Q

What is the primary treatment for Hookworm?

A

Albendazole (single dose)
Mebendazole (2x a day for 3 days)

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9
Q

What are the four major non-invasie Tapeworms?

A

Beef Tapeworm - Taenia saginata
Pork Tapeworm - Taenia solium
Fish Tapeworm- Diphyllobothrium latum
Dwarf Tapeworm - Hymenolepis nana

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10
Q

How do most Taenia Tapeworms present?

A

Asymptomatically

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11
Q

What is the classical manifestation of Diphyllobothriasis infection?

A

Megaloblastic anemia (Vitamin B12 deficiency)

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12
Q

Hymenolepiasis is most common in what age population?

A

Children

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13
Q

How do most cases of Hymenolepiasis present?

A

Asymptomatically
- symptoms are more common as burden increases
- 1000+ worms or 500+ eggs per gram/stool

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14
Q

How is Tapeworm diagnosed?

A

Eggs or Proglottids in Stool - Ova & Parasite

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15
Q

How are most tapeworms treated?

A

Praziquantel (PO)
5 - 10mg/kg

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16
Q

How is dwarf tape worm treated?

A

Praziquantel (PO)
25mg/kg
Repeat dose after 1 week

17
Q

Invasive Tapeworm infection that occurs through direct human fecal contamination of food leading to the ingestions of eggs of T. Solium. Leads to tissue infection with cysts.

A

Cystericercosis

18
Q

Cystericercosis infection that can cause seizures, focal neurological deficits, altered cognition, and psychiatric disease. Intracerebral, subarachnoid, spinal cord lesions, or intraventricular cysts may be present.

A

Neurocystericercosis

19
Q

Cystericercosis infection that involves muscle or subcutaneous tissue and may present with asymptomatic nodules that can cause discomfort when inflamed.

A

Extraneural Cystericercosis

20
Q

How is Cystericercosis diagnosed.

A

Neuroimaging + ELISA
- CT and MRI

21
Q

What is a caveat to treating Cystericercosis?

A

Medical management is controversial
- use adjunct steroid therapy if you do intend to treat it
- Anti-seizure medications

22
Q

How should you treat Cystericercosis?

A

Albendazole (10-14 days)
- use adjunct steroid therapy

23
Q

In a patient with Cystericercosis, what warrants anti-parasitic therapy?

A

Viable or Degenerating Cysts

24
Q

Invasive tapeworm contracted through ingesting food contaminated with canine feces containing parasite eggs from E. granulosis and E. multiocularis

A

Echinococcosis

25
Q

What is a hallmark sign of Echinococcosis?

A

Large Cystic Lesions
- usually Liver or Lungs

26
Q

What happens if a cyst caused by Echinococcosis ruptures?

A

Severe Allergic Reaction
- fever and hypotension

27
Q

Where at in the United States can Echinococcosis occur but is rarely seen?

A

Southwest

28
Q

How is Echinococcosis diagnosed?

A

Ultrasound or CT
IgG ELISA (confirmation)

29
Q

How is Echinococcosis treated?

A

Albendazole
1 - 6 months

30
Q

Infection caused by Enterobius vermicularis eggs.

A

Pinworm

31
Q

What is the most common symptoms of Pinworms?

A

Nighttime Perianal Pruritus

32
Q

How are Pinworms diagnosed?

A

Tape Test
- found on skin

33
Q

How are Pinworms treated?

A

Albendazole
- repeat in 2 weeks

Clinical Medicine: Infectious Disease (Part 2) (8 decks)

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