COVID and POLIO Flashcards by Dylan Null

Alpha or Beta Coronaviruses have the ability to affect humans?

Beta Coronaviruses

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SARS-CoV-1 causes what disease?

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

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SARS-CoV-2 causes what disease?

COVID-19

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Spread of COVID-19 primarily occurs during what stage of infection?

Pre-symptomatic

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What is the average incubation period of COVID-19?

5 days

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How is COVID-19 most commonly spread?

Respiratory Droplets

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Can COVID-19 be transmitted in utero?

Rarely

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Can COVID-19 be transmitted in breast milk?

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COVID-19 infections are highest among what age populations?

Young and Middle-Aged Adults

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COVID-19 mortality rates are distinctly higher after what age?

50+ years old

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Older individuals with prior exposure to what, appear to be protected against severe COVID-19 outcomes?

Children

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Children as just as susceptible to COVID-19 as adults but are less likely to manifest what?

Symptoms
Severe Disease

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What are some of the risk factors for developing Severe COVID-19 symptoms?

BMI 35+
CKD
DM
Immunocompromised
Pregnancy
- gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, smoking
Age 65+
Age 55+ with a Comorbidity

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What might a CBC show in an individual with COVID-19?

Lymphopenia
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Leukocytosis

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What might a Liver Function Test (LFT) show in an individual with COVID-19?

Elevated AST and ALT

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What are the two acute phase reactants (markers that used to follow disease progression) for COVID-19?

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
D-Dimer (determines risk of blood clot)

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What lab markers are indicative of increased mortality with COVID-19?

Serum Troponin
IL-6
LFT
Serum Creatinine
Creatine Kinase
Ferritin
Procalcitonin

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What is the preferred diagnostic test for COVID-19?

Molecular Test (PCR)

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What might you see on a Chest X-Ray of someone with COVID-19?

Bilateral Infiltrates

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What might you see on a Chest CT of someone with COVID-19?

Ground Glass Opacities
Bilateral regions of Lung Consolidation

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What might you find on a Lung Ultrasound of a patient with COVID-19?

B-Line Artifacts
(correlate with CT ground glass finding)

What are the three systems that have the most common complications from COVID-19?

Renal
Respiratory
Systemic

What psychiatric complications can result from COVID-19?

Anxiety
Depression
Substance Use
PTSD

What are the three most common complications of Long COVID?

Fatigue
Smell or Taste Disorder
Dyspnea

What are two predictors of Long COVID symptoms?

Female Overweight

Individuals who have any of the various signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and do not need supplemental oxygen or their oxygen is greater than or equal to 94%

Mild to Moderate COVID

Individuals who have an SpO2 of less than 94% on room air or need supplemental oxygen.

Severe COVID

Individuals who have respiratory failure which is classified by: - Needing high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation - Needing mechanical ventilation or ECHMO

Critical COVID

Treatment must be started as soon as possible and within how many days of symptom onset of COVID-19?

5 - 7 days

What is the first line treatment for COVID-19?

Paxlovid (Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir)

How long do you take Paxlovid for and what is the route of administration?

5 days Orally

What is the mechanism of action of Paxlovid?

Viral Protease Inhibitor

Corticosteroid that is recommended only for treat of patients with severe or critical COVID.

Dexamethasone

Poliomyelitis virus is highly contagious via what route?

Fecal-Oral (especially during first week of infection)

Polio is most often seen in individuals of what age?

Less than 15 years old

When was the last reported imported case of Polio in the United States?

1993

What two countries still have endemic cases of Polio?

Afghanistan Pakistan

What percentage of Polio infections are asymptomatic?

95%

Constellation of symptoms that affect Polio survivors and is not infectious?

Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome

What are the most frequent symptoms seen with Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome

Progressive Muscle Limb Paresis with Atrophy. Fasciculation and Fibrillation during rest.

Polio with non-specific symptoms such as: fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and sore throat lasting 2 -3 days.

Abortive Poliomyelitis

Polio with non-specific symptoms + signs of meningeal irritation and muscle spasm occur in the absence of frank paralysis.

Non-paralytic Poliomyelitis

Polio with flaccid asymmetric paralysis affecting mostly the proximal muscles of the lower extremities. Febrile period is present over 2-3 days and sensory loss is varied

Paralytic Poliomyelitis

What are the two forms of Paralytic Poliomyelitis?

Spinal Bulbar

Which form of Paralytic Poliomyelitis is the most life threatening form due to respiratory paralysis?

Bulbar Poliomyelitis

How can you test for the Polio virus?

Throat Washings (early) Stools (early and late) PCR of washing or stool. CSF

How many total doses are there of the childhood Polio vaccine?

What is the schedule for the Polio vaccine in children?

2 months 4 months 6 - 18 months 4 - 6 years old

Is it safe to give the Polio vaccine (IPV) with other vaccines?

Yes

What is the vaccine schedule for someone who has never been vaccinated for Polio? (3 Shots)

First dose at any time Second dose 1-2 months later Third dose 6-12 months after the second dose