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Clinical Medicine: Infectious Disease (Part 2) > COVID and POLIO > Flashcards

COVID and POLIO Flashcards

1
Q

Alpha or Beta Coronaviruses have the ability to affect humans?

A

Beta Coronaviruses

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2
Q

SARS-CoV-1 causes what disease?

A

Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)

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3
Q

SARS-CoV-2 causes what disease?

A

COVID-19

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4
Q

Spread of COVID-19 primarily occurs during what stage of infection?

A

Pre-symptomatic

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5
Q

What is the average incubation period of COVID-19?

A

5 days

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6
Q

How is COVID-19 most commonly spread?

A

Respiratory Droplets

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7
Q

Can COVID-19 be transmitted in utero?

A

Rarely

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8
Q

Can COVID-19 be transmitted in breast milk?

A

No

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9
Q

COVID-19 infections are highest among what age populations?

A

Young and Middle-Aged Adults

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10
Q

COVID-19 mortality rates are distinctly higher after what age?

A

50+ years old

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11
Q

Older individuals with prior exposure to what, appear to be protected against severe COVID-19 outcomes?

A

Children

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12
Q

Children as just as susceptible to COVID-19 as adults but are less likely to manifest what?

A

Symptoms
Severe Disease

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13
Q

What are some of the risk factors for developing Severe COVID-19 symptoms?

A

BMI 35+
CKD
DM
Immunocompromised
Pregnancy
- gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, smoking
Age 65+
Age 55+ with a Comorbidity

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14
Q

What might a CBC show in an individual with COVID-19?

A

Lymphopenia
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Leukocytosis

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15
Q

What might a Liver Function Test (LFT) show in an individual with COVID-19?

A

Elevated AST and ALT

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16
Q

What are the two acute phase reactants (markers that used to follow disease progression) for COVID-19?

A

C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
D-Dimer (determines risk of blood clot)

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17
Q

What lab markers are indicative of increased mortality with COVID-19?

A

Serum Troponin
IL-6
LFT
Serum Creatinine
Creatine Kinase
Ferritin
Procalcitonin

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18
Q

What is the preferred diagnostic test for COVID-19?

A

Molecular Test (PCR)

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19
Q

What might you see on a Chest X-Ray of someone with COVID-19?

A

Bilateral Infiltrates

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20
Q

What might you see on a Chest CT of someone with COVID-19?

A

Ground Glass Opacities
Bilateral regions of Lung Consolidation

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21
Q

What might you find on a Lung Ultrasound of a patient with COVID-19?

A

B-Line Artifacts
(correlate with CT ground glass finding)

22
Q

What are the three systems that have the most common complications from COVID-19?

A

Renal
Respiratory
Systemic

23
Q

What psychiatric complications can result from COVID-19?

A

Anxiety
Depression
Substance Use
PTSD

24
Q

What are the three most common complications of Long COVID?

A

Fatigue
Smell or Taste Disorder
Dyspnea

25
Q

What are two predictors of Long COVID symptoms?

A

Female
Overweight

26
Q

Individuals who have any of the various signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and do not need supplemental oxygen or their oxygen is greater than or equal to 94%

A

Mild to Moderate COVID

27
Q

Individuals who have an SpO2 of less than 94% on room air or need supplemental oxygen.

A

Severe COVID

28
Q

Individuals who have respiratory failure which is classified by:
- Needing high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation
- Needing mechanical ventilation or ECHMO

A

Critical COVID

29
Q

Treatment must be started as soon as possible and within how many days of symptom onset of COVID-19?

A

5 - 7 days

30
Q

What is the first line treatment for COVID-19?

A

Paxlovid
(Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir)

31
Q

How long do you take Paxlovid for and what is the route of administration?

A

5 days
Orally

32
Q

What is the mechanism of action of Paxlovid?

A

Viral Protease Inhibitor

33
Q

Corticosteroid that is recommended only for treat of patients with severe or critical COVID.

A

Dexamethasone

34
Q

Poliomyelitis virus is highly contagious via what route?

A

Fecal-Oral
(especially during first week of infection)

35
Q

Polio is most often seen in individuals of what age?

A

Less than 15 years old

36
Q

When was the last reported imported case of Polio in the United States?

A

1993

37
Q

What two countries still have endemic cases of Polio?

A

Afghanistan
Pakistan

38
Q

What percentage of Polio infections are asymptomatic?

A

95%

39
Q

Constellation of symptoms that affect Polio survivors and is not infectious?

A

Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome

40
Q

What are the most frequent symptoms seen with Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome

A

Progressive Muscle Limb Paresis with Atrophy.
Fasciculation and Fibrillation during rest.

41
Q

Polio with non-specific symptoms such as: fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and sore throat lasting 2 -3 days.

A

Abortive Poliomyelitis

42
Q

Polio with non-specific symptoms + signs of meningeal irritation and muscle spasm occur in the absence of frank paralysis.

A

Non-paralytic Poliomyelitis

43
Q

Polio with flaccid asymmetric paralysis affecting mostly the proximal muscles of the lower extremities. Febrile period is present over 2-3 days and sensory loss is varied

A

Paralytic Poliomyelitis

44
Q

What are the two forms of Paralytic Poliomyelitis?

A

Spinal
Bulbar

45
Q

Which form of Paralytic Poliomyelitis is the most life threatening form due to respiratory paralysis?

A

Bulbar Poliomyelitis

46
Q

How can you test for the Polio virus?

A

Throat Washings (early)
Stools (early and late)
PCR of washing or stool.
CSF

47
Q

How many total doses are there of the childhood Polio vaccine?

A

4

48
Q

What is the schedule for the Polio vaccine in children?

A

2 months
4 months
6 - 18 months
4 - 6 years old

49
Q

Is it safe to give the Polio vaccine (IPV) with other vaccines?

A

Yes

50
Q

What is the vaccine schedule for someone who has never been vaccinated for Polio? (3 Shots)

A

First dose at any time
Second dose 1-2 months later
Third dose 6-12 months after the second dose

Clinical Medicine: Infectious Disease (Part 2) (7 decks)

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