COVID and POLIO Flashcards
Alpha or Beta Coronaviruses have the ability to affect humans?
Beta Coronaviruses
SARS-CoV-1 causes what disease?
Middle Eastern Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)
SARS-CoV-2 causes what disease?
COVID-19
Spread of COVID-19 primarily occurs during what stage of infection?
Pre-symptomatic
What is the average incubation period of COVID-19?
5 days
How is COVID-19 most commonly spread?
Respiratory Droplets
Can COVID-19 be transmitted in utero?
Rarely
Can COVID-19 be transmitted in breast milk?
No
COVID-19 infections are highest among what age populations?
Young and Middle-Aged Adults
COVID-19 mortality rates are distinctly higher after what age?
50+ years old
Older individuals with prior exposure to what, appear to be protected against severe COVID-19 outcomes?
Children
Children as just as susceptible to COVID-19 as adults but are less likely to manifest what?
Symptoms
Severe Disease
What are some of the risk factors for developing Severe COVID-19 symptoms?
BMI 35+
CKD
DM
Immunocompromised
Pregnancy
- gestational diabetes, preeclampsia, smoking
Age 65+
Age 55+ with a Comorbidity
What might a CBC show in an individual with COVID-19?
Lymphopenia
Thrombocytopenia (low platelets)
Leukocytosis
What might a Liver Function Test (LFT) show in an individual with COVID-19?
Elevated AST and ALT
What are the two acute phase reactants (markers that used to follow disease progression) for COVID-19?
C-Reactive Protein (CRP)
D-Dimer (determines risk of blood clot)
What lab markers are indicative of increased mortality with COVID-19?
Serum Troponin
IL-6
LFT
Serum Creatinine
Creatine Kinase
Ferritin
Procalcitonin
What is the preferred diagnostic test for COVID-19?
Molecular Test (PCR)
What might you see on a Chest X-Ray of someone with COVID-19?
Bilateral Infiltrates
What might you see on a Chest CT of someone with COVID-19?
Ground Glass Opacities
Bilateral regions of Lung Consolidation
What might you find on a Lung Ultrasound of a patient with COVID-19?
B-Line Artifacts
(correlate with CT ground glass finding)
What are the three systems that have the most common complications from COVID-19?
Renal
Respiratory
Systemic
What psychiatric complications can result from COVID-19?
Anxiety
Depression
Substance Use
PTSD
What are the three most common complications of Long COVID?
Fatigue
Smell or Taste Disorder
Dyspnea
What are two predictors of Long COVID symptoms?
Female
Overweight
Individuals who have any of the various signs and symptoms of COVID-19 and do not need supplemental oxygen or their oxygen is greater than or equal to 94%
Mild to Moderate COVID
Individuals who have an SpO2 of less than 94% on room air or need supplemental oxygen.
Severe COVID
Individuals who have respiratory failure which is classified by:
- Needing high-flow oxygen or non-invasive ventilation
- Needing mechanical ventilation or ECHMO
Critical COVID
Treatment must be started as soon as possible and within how many days of symptom onset of COVID-19?
5 - 7 days
What is the first line treatment for COVID-19?
Paxlovid
(Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir)
How long do you take Paxlovid for and what is the route of administration?
5 days
Orally
What is the mechanism of action of Paxlovid?
Viral Protease Inhibitor
Corticosteroid that is recommended only for treat of patients with severe or critical COVID.
Dexamethasone
Poliomyelitis virus is highly contagious via what route?
Fecal-Oral
(especially during first week of infection)
Polio is most often seen in individuals of what age?
Less than 15 years old
When was the last reported imported case of Polio in the United States?
1993
What two countries still have endemic cases of Polio?
Afghanistan
Pakistan
What percentage of Polio infections are asymptomatic?
95%
Constellation of symptoms that affect Polio survivors and is not infectious?
Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome
What are the most frequent symptoms seen with Post-Poliomyelitis Syndrome
Progressive Muscle Limb Paresis with Atrophy.
Fasciculation and Fibrillation during rest.
Polio with non-specific symptoms such as: fever, headache, vomiting, diarrhea, constipation, and sore throat lasting 2 -3 days.
Abortive Poliomyelitis
Polio with non-specific symptoms + signs of meningeal irritation and muscle spasm occur in the absence of frank paralysis.
Non-paralytic Poliomyelitis
Polio with flaccid asymmetric paralysis affecting mostly the proximal muscles of the lower extremities. Febrile period is present over 2-3 days and sensory loss is varied
Paralytic Poliomyelitis
What are the two forms of Paralytic Poliomyelitis?
Spinal
Bulbar
Which form of Paralytic Poliomyelitis is the most life threatening form due to respiratory paralysis?
Bulbar Poliomyelitis
How can you test for the Polio virus?
Throat Washings (early)
Stools (early and late)
PCR of washing or stool.
CSF
How many total doses are there of the childhood Polio vaccine?
4
What is the schedule for the Polio vaccine in children?
2 months
4 months
6 - 18 months
4 - 6 years old
Is it safe to give the Polio vaccine (IPV) with other vaccines?
Yes
What is the vaccine schedule for someone who has never been vaccinated for Polio? (3 Shots)
First dose at any time
Second dose 1-2 months later
Third dose 6-12 months after the second dose
