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Micro > Helminthic Infections > Flashcards

Helminthic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for roundworm

A

nematode

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2
Q

Morphology of nematode

A

elongated cylindrical body that tapers at either end; covered by multi-layered cuticle (not recognized as foreign); separate sexes

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3
Q

Life cycle of nematodes

A

eggs –> larvae (in environment) –> adults (in host)

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4
Q

Reinfection of nematodes

A

rare; eggs need to be in environment for days-weeks to be contagious; Exception: PINWORM (short duration, reinfection)

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5
Q

Pinworm name

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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6
Q

Enterobiasis cause

A

pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)

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7
Q

Most common helminth disease

A

pinworm (enterobiasis)

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8
Q

Characteristic of pinworm

A

small, whitish;
short life cycle for eggs (reinfection)
transmitted person to person or indirectly from environment;
children (most common)

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9
Q

Life cycle of enterobiasis

A

eggs deposited on perianal –> infective eggs are ingested and larvae hatch in small intestine –> adult establish and mature in colon (~2 mo) –> Gravid female migrates at night to perianal to deposit eggs –> eggs infectious in 4-6 hours (survive indoors 2-3 weeks)

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10
Q

Sx of pinworm

A

mainly asymptomatic
PRURITUS ANI
bacterial infection, disturbed sleep, abdominal pain
infection of female genital tract

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11
Q

Dx of pinworm

A

tape method- eggs on perianal skin (2-3 hrs after goes to sleep, first in morning, 3 consec days, fingernails)
NO PCR or SERO TESTS or STOOL

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12
Q

Tx for pinworm

A

mebendazole/albendazole
all members in household should be treated at same time!;
HANDWASHING to minimize spread

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13
Q

Acquired through soil ingestioin

A

Ascaris lumbricoides (large intestinal roundworm) & Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

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14
Q

Cause of ascariasis

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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15
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris

A

infective eggs ingested –> larvae released into duodenum –> larvae penetrate mucosa and travel in bloodstream to lungs –> larvae penetrate alveoli and travel up trachea to oropharynx –> larvae swalloed and mature in duodenum –> adult worms produce eggs which can become infective in soil (18 days - several weeks) –> adult worms live ~2 years

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16
Q

Sx of ascariasis

A

asymptomatic

depends on worm burden: blockage, Pulmonary-Loeffler’s syndrome, ab pain, obstruction

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17
Q

Dx of ascariasis

A

Microscopic detection of eggs in stool

Tx: mebend/alben

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18
Q

Trichuris trichiura aka

A

whipworm

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19
Q

Cause of trichuriasis

A

trichuris thrichiura

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20
Q

Characterists of trichuris

A

small worm with whiplike morphology; “egg capsules” (pinched capsule at each end)

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21
Q

Epidemiology of trichuris

A

ingestion of contaminated soil; prevalent in children; worldwide

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22
Q

Life cycle of trichuris

A

infective (embryonated) eggs are ingest and larvae release in duodenum –> matures in colon –> released eggs mature in soil

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23
Q

Sx of trichuris

A 
determined by worm burden
most asymptomatic (light)
heavy: frequent painful passage of stool (mucus, water and blood!); rectal prolapse, children: growth retardation and anemia
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24
Q

Dx of trichuris

A

eggs in stool (Egg capsules)

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25
Q

Hookworm kinds

A

necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale

26
Q

Characteristics of hookworms

A

feed on blood from intestinal mucosa

small

27
Q

Epidemiology of hookworm

A

inadequate disposal of human feces
eggs reach infectivity and hatch in soil
larvae can PENETRATE SKIN

28
Q

Life cycle of hookworm

A

infective egg hatch in soil —> infective stage larvae (filariform) penetrate skin and travels in blood stream to lungs –> penetrate alveoli and go to oropharynx –> swallowed and mature in duodenum –> produce eggs which mature and hatch in soil

29
Q

filariform

A

infective larvae of hookworms

30
Q

Sx of hookworm

A

blood-filled, pruritic lesions at site of penetration (“ground itch”), blood loss due to feeding (anemia)

31
Q

Dx of hookworm

A

eggs in stool

32
Q

Causes strongyloidiasis

A

strongyloides stercoralis

33
Q

Characteristics of stronglyoids stercoralis

A

“threadworms”; small
2 multiplication cycles: in host (parasitic) or in soil (free living)
tropical/subtropical areas
related to POOR SANITATION

34
Q

Life cycle of strongyloides

A

infective larvae in soil penetrate skin –> travel to blood stream, to lungs, penetrate alveioli, travel to oropharynx –> swallowed and mature in duodenum –> following reproduction, the adult female releases larvae in the feces –> free living multiplication cycle in soil

35
Q

Sx of stronglyoides

A

diarrhea, pain, constipation, malabsorption
Tracks due to migration
Autoinfection! - chronic infection for years
life threatening in patients w/ defect in cell mediated immunity

36
Q

Dx of strongyloidiasis

A

larvae in stool or duodenal aspirate

sputum of hyperinfected patient may contain larvae

37
Q

Trematode aka

A

fluke

38
Q

Characteristics of trematodes

A

2 intermediate hosts, 1 definitive host;
flattened, leaflike body
presence of suckers
hermaphroditic

39
Q

Chinese liver fluke

A

clonorchis sinensis

40
Q

cause of clonorchoriasis

A

chlonorchis sinensis

41
Q

Characteristics of clonorchis sinensis

A

small, adults live in biliary ducts!!!
Far East
transmission via ingestion of raw, smoke, pickled, salt-cured and dried FISH

42
Q

life cycle of clonorchis

A

fish containing larvae (metacercariae) are eaten –> excystation in duodenum and larvae pass directly to bile ducts where they mature –> eggs released in feces –> eggs eaten by snails –> following development, larvae (cercariae) are released –> cercariae encyst under the scales or in the flesh of fish (metacercariae again)

43
Q

Metacercariae

A

encysted clonorchis in FISH

44
Q

Cercariae

A

develop and are released by snails

45
Q

Sx of clonorchis

A

most asymptomatic

chronic disease develops late and related to worm burden

46
Q

Dx of clonorchis

A

eggs in stool (geographic history)

47
Q

Tape worm types

A 
Taenia solium (pork)
Taenia saginata (beef)
Agents of Taeniasis
48
Q

taenia =

A

tapeworm

49
Q

Characteristics of tapeworm

A 
large worms (3-8 m)
possess scolex (head structure)
eggs released in proglottids are immediately infectious
Definitive host = humans
worldwide
50
Q

Life cycle of taenia

A

infective age ingested by cattle (saginata) or pigs (solium) –> hatch in duodenum and released larvae penetrate wall –> cysticerci (larvae) develop in muscle –> poorly cooked meat ingested by human releases cysticercus which develop into adult tapeworm in jejunum –> proglottids (segments) released in feces contain infectious eggs –> Cysticercosis can develop if infective eggs are ingested by a human (SOLIUM)

51
Q

Cysticercosis

A

due to T. solium; can cause blindness, seizures

52
Q

Sx of taenia

A

most asymptomatic;
mild GI
cysticerosis (Solium)

53
Q

Dx of taenia

A

eggs or proglottids in stool
lesions demonstrated by CT for cysticercosis
Definitive: histologic demonstration

54
Q

Fish tapeworm

A

diphyllobothrium latum

55
Q

Cause of diphyllobothriasis

A

Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)

56
Q

Characteristics of diphyllobothrium

A

very long (12 m), thousands of proglottids
eggs released singly, not in proglottids (not as bad of infection as taenia)
eggs develop and hatch in WATER and series of host passages are required for life cycle
wide spread: Great Lakes and Alaska
Humans and other fish heating mammals harbor adult worms

57
Q

Life cycle of diphyllobothrium

A

infective larvae in mm. of fish –> poor cooked fish ingested by a human release larvae in duodenum –> adult worm develops in jejunum and eggs released to feces –> eggs hatch in water and larval forms ingested by crustaceans –> infected crustacean ingested by small fish –> small fish ingested by larger fish…

58
Q

Due to ingestion of poorly cooked fish

A

Clonorchis (chinese liver fluke) & diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm)

59
Q

Sx of diphyllobotrium

A

most asymptomatic

adult worm competes for VITAMIN B12

60
Q

Dx of diphyllobotrium

A

Anemia + positive histories
eggs in stool
ID of adult worm

Micro (3 decks)

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