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Helminthic Infections Flashcards

1
Q

Another name for roundworm

A

nematode

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2
Q

Morphology of nematode

A

elongated cylindrical body that tapers at either end; covered by multi-layered cuticle (not recognized as foreign); separate sexes

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3
Q

Life cycle of nematodes

A

eggs –> larvae (in environment) –> adults (in host)

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4
Q

Reinfection of nematodes

A

rare; eggs need to be in environment for days-weeks to be contagious; Exception: PINWORM (short duration, reinfection)

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5
Q

Pinworm name

A

Enterobius vermicularis

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6
Q

Enterobiasis cause

A

pinworm (enterobius vermicularis)

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7
Q

Most common helminth disease

A

pinworm (enterobiasis)

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8
Q

Characteristic of pinworm

A

small, whitish;
short life cycle for eggs (reinfection)
transmitted person to person or indirectly from environment;
children (most common)

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9
Q

Life cycle of enterobiasis

A

eggs deposited on perianal –> infective eggs are ingested and larvae hatch in small intestine –> adult establish and mature in colon (~2 mo) –> Gravid female migrates at night to perianal to deposit eggs –> eggs infectious in 4-6 hours (survive indoors 2-3 weeks)

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10
Q

Sx of pinworm

A

mainly asymptomatic
PRURITUS ANI
bacterial infection, disturbed sleep, abdominal pain
infection of female genital tract

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11
Q

Dx of pinworm

A

tape method- eggs on perianal skin (2-3 hrs after goes to sleep, first in morning, 3 consec days, fingernails)
NO PCR or SERO TESTS or STOOL

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12
Q

Tx for pinworm

A

mebendazole/albendazole
all members in household should be treated at same time!;
HANDWASHING to minimize spread

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13
Q

Acquired through soil ingestioin

A

Ascaris lumbricoides (large intestinal roundworm) & Trichuris trichiura (whipworm)

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14
Q

Cause of ascariasis

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

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15
Q

Life cycle of Ascaris

A

infective eggs ingested –> larvae released into duodenum –> larvae penetrate mucosa and travel in bloodstream to lungs –> larvae penetrate alveoli and travel up trachea to oropharynx –> larvae swalloed and mature in duodenum –> adult worms produce eggs which can become infective in soil (18 days - several weeks) –> adult worms live ~2 years

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16
Q

Sx of ascariasis

A

asymptomatic

depends on worm burden: blockage, Pulmonary-Loeffler’s syndrome, ab pain, obstruction

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17
Q

Dx of ascariasis

A

Microscopic detection of eggs in stool

Tx: mebend/alben

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18
Q

Trichuris trichiura aka

A

whipworm

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19
Q

Cause of trichuriasis

A

trichuris thrichiura

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20
Q

Characterists of trichuris

A

small worm with whiplike morphology; “egg capsules” (pinched capsule at each end)

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21
Q

Epidemiology of trichuris

A

ingestion of contaminated soil; prevalent in children; worldwide

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22
Q

Life cycle of trichuris

A

infective (embryonated) eggs are ingest and larvae release in duodenum –> matures in colon –> released eggs mature in soil

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23
Q

Sx of trichuris

A 
determined by worm burden
most asymptomatic (light)
heavy: frequent painful passage of stool (mucus, water and blood!); rectal prolapse, children: growth retardation and anemia
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24
Q

Dx of trichuris

A

eggs in stool (Egg capsules)

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25
Hookworm kinds
necator americanus and ancylostoma duodenale
26
Characteristics of hookworms
feed on blood from intestinal mucosa | small
27
Epidemiology of hookworm
inadequate disposal of human feces eggs reach infectivity and hatch in soil larvae can PENETRATE SKIN
28
Life cycle of hookworm
infective egg hatch in soil ---> infective stage larvae (filariform) penetrate skin and travels in blood stream to lungs --> penetrate alveoli and go to oropharynx --> swallowed and mature in duodenum --> produce eggs which mature and hatch in soil
29
filariform
infective larvae of hookworms
30
Sx of hookworm
blood-filled, pruritic lesions at site of penetration ("ground itch"), blood loss due to feeding (anemia)
31
Dx of hookworm
eggs in stool
32
Causes strongyloidiasis
strongyloides stercoralis
33
Characteristics of stronglyoids stercoralis
"threadworms"; small 2 multiplication cycles: in host (parasitic) or in soil (free living) tropical/subtropical areas related to POOR SANITATION
34
Life cycle of strongyloides
infective larvae in soil penetrate skin --> travel to blood stream, to lungs, penetrate alveioli, travel to oropharynx --> swallowed and mature in duodenum --> following reproduction, the adult female releases larvae in the feces --> free living multiplication cycle in soil
35
Sx of stronglyoides
diarrhea, pain, constipation, malabsorption Tracks due to migration Autoinfection! - chronic infection for years life threatening in patients w/ defect in cell mediated immunity
36
Dx of strongyloidiasis
larvae in stool or duodenal aspirate | sputum of hyperinfected patient may contain larvae
37
Trematode aka
fluke
38
Characteristics of trematodes
2 intermediate hosts, 1 definitive host; flattened, leaflike body presence of suckers hermaphroditic
39
Chinese liver fluke
clonorchis sinensis
40
cause of clonorchoriasis
chlonorchis sinensis
41
Characteristics of clonorchis sinensis
small, adults live in biliary ducts!!! Far East transmission via ingestion of raw, smoke, pickled, salt-cured and dried FISH
42
life cycle of clonorchis
fish containing larvae (metacercariae) are eaten --> excystation in duodenum and larvae pass directly to bile ducts where they mature --> eggs released in feces --> eggs eaten by snails --> following development, larvae (cercariae) are released --> cercariae encyst under the scales or in the flesh of fish (metacercariae again)
43
Metacercariae
encysted clonorchis in FISH
44
Cercariae
develop and are released by snails
45
Sx of clonorchis
most asymptomatic | chronic disease develops late and related to worm burden
46
Dx of clonorchis
eggs in stool (geographic history)
47
Tape worm types
``` Taenia solium (pork) Taenia saginata (beef) Agents of Taeniasis ```
48
taenia =
tapeworm
49
Characteristics of tapeworm
``` large worms (3-8 m) possess scolex (head structure) eggs released in proglottids are immediately infectious Definitive host = humans worldwide ```
50
Life cycle of taenia
infective age ingested by cattle (saginata) or pigs (solium) --> hatch in duodenum and released larvae penetrate wall --> cysticerci (larvae) develop in muscle --> poorly cooked meat ingested by human releases cysticercus which develop into adult tapeworm in jejunum --> proglottids (segments) released in feces contain infectious eggs --> Cysticercosis can develop if infective eggs are ingested by a human (SOLIUM)
51
Cysticercosis
due to T. solium; can cause blindness, seizures
52
Sx of taenia
most asymptomatic; mild GI cysticerosis (Solium)
53
Dx of taenia
eggs or proglottids in stool lesions demonstrated by CT for cysticercosis Definitive: histologic demonstration
54
Fish tapeworm
diphyllobothrium latum
55
Cause of diphyllobothriasis
Diphyllobothrium latum (fish tapeworm)
56
Characteristics of diphyllobothrium
very long (12 m), thousands of proglottids eggs released singly, not in proglottids (not as bad of infection as taenia) eggs develop and hatch in WATER and series of host passages are required for life cycle wide spread: Great Lakes and Alaska Humans and other fish heating mammals harbor adult worms
57
Life cycle of diphyllobothrium
infective larvae in mm. of fish --> poor cooked fish ingested by a human release larvae in duodenum --> adult worm develops in jejunum and eggs released to feces --> eggs hatch in water and larval forms ingested by crustaceans --> infected crustacean ingested by small fish --> small fish ingested by larger fish...
58
Due to ingestion of poorly cooked fish
Clonorchis (chinese liver fluke) & diphyllobothrium (fish tapeworm)
59
Sx of diphyllobotrium
most asymptomatic | adult worm competes for VITAMIN B12
60
Dx of diphyllobotrium
Anemia + positive histories eggs in stool ID of adult worm

Micro (3 decks)

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