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EXAM 6 > Helminth > Flashcards

Helminth Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms - GI helminths

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2
Q

Cestodes

A

Tapeworms, tissue dwelling heminths

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3
Q

Trematodes

A

Flukes - tissue dwelling

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4
Q

Pathology of heminths

A
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5
Q

Nematode life cycle

A

adult worms in intestine –> feces –> leave in eggs –> ingested eggs –> young larvae mature to adults and live in guy

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6
Q

trichuris trichirua

A

nematode

whipworm - whip part is buried in mucosa of colon and rectum

light infections - asymp

heavy infections - colitis, chronic diarrhea, prolapsed rectum occasionally

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7
Q

trichuris trichiura transmission, control, treatment

A

control:

  1. proper fecal disposal
  2. avoid contamination of food with soil that contains infectious eggs
    treatment: albendazole, mebendazole
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8
Q

enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm!

nematode

scotchtape test - kids

wash bedding and clothes, handwashing and baths and clip fingernails

treatment: albendazole, pyrantel pamoate

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9
Q

hookworm

A

nematode - hook-like shape

infect small intestines - mult bleeding sites after hookworms detach and move to another site in the gut - more blood loss

anemia - eggs in stool!

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10
Q

hookworm transmission

A

adult worms in the intestine

can ingest eggs OR larvae hatch in soil and can penetrate intact skin and enter blood stream, pass through lungs to get to intestine!

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11
Q

hookworm diagnosis and treatment

A

diagnosis: anemia,

eggs in stool - microscopy

treatment: albendazole, pyrantel, mebendazole, oral iron and folic acid for anemia

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12
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

8-12 inches long

SMALL BOWEL

pneumonitis during lung stage, hypersensitization –> astham

eosinophilia! especially early

possibly obstruction of intestine (kinds) or pancreatic ducts (adults)

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13
Q

diagnosis and treatment of ascaris lumbricoides

A

passage of adult worms via anus or mouth

passage of eggs (warty surface in stool)

treat:

mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel (pregnant women)

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14
Q

ancylostoma canium and a braziliense

A

larve in humans are inappropriate host - don’t have proper enviornental cues - no normal hookworm life cycle

nematodes

“wander” through epidermis - inflammatorytracks

eggs passed in dog/cat feces, larvae develop in sandy soil and pentrate intact skin

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15
Q

CLM

A

cutaneous larva migrans

in humans by mistake - wander through epidermis and leave inflamatory tracts

treat w thiabendazole or ivermectin

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16
Q

toxcara canis and t. cani

A

nematodes

ascaris-like infections of puppies and kittens

visceral larva migrams - larva in human brain, liver,eye from contact in soil

misdaignosed as Rb!

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17
Q

CLM, VLM, OLM treatment

A

albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin

prednisone - when lkill parasites in tissues - strong immune response! need corticosteroids

18
Q

strongyloidasis

A

smallest intestinal nemotode

small bowel

simialr to human hookworms except:

AUTOINFECTION: larvae emerge rapidly from eggs deposited by adults high in gut - some develop to become infective larvae in gut and reinvade as pass down

HYPERINFECTION: continued cycling between gut and lungs and may lead to multiplication of parasites, disseminated infection

larvae (not eggs) passed in stool - diagnosis by motile larvae

19
Q

strongyloides pathology

A

cycling of worms between gut and lung - longstanding infection

acute: inflammation and ulceration of small bowel mucosa, eosinophilia

long standing infections - sub clinical symptosm

increase in infection after immunosuppression

worms leave gut and travel through body - disseminated infection!! medical emergency, spread bacteria from gut all over body, sepsis

20
Q

strongyloides diagnosis and treatment

A

eosinophila, pulmonary symptoms (wheezing)

larvae in stool - rare because may reinvade gut as move down

may need mult stool samples

may be found in duodenal secretions

serology

treat: ivermectin or albendazole, antibac, antiviral for disseminated larvae

21
Q

filariasis

A

nematodes

live in lumen of afferent lymph vessels 0 inflammation, accumulation of lymph - elephantitis

22
Q

filaririasis lifecycle/transmission

A
  1. mosquito takes blood meal - larvae enter skin
  2. adults in lymphatics
  3. adults make filariae that migrate into lymph and blood
  4. mosquito takes a blood meal and ingests microfilariiae, replicate in mosquito
23
Q

IL-10

A

induced by helminth infections, inhibits immune mediated pathology

tmodulated response - tolerant/suppressed - subclinical infection

24
Q

loiasis

A

filiaris, nematode

migrates through eye - response is more dangerous than carrying

25
Q

treatment for filarial worms

A

DEC - filarious and loiasis - severe adverse for loiasis patients with high parasite loads and coinfection

ivermectin - lymphatic filarisis - severe adverse for loiasis

severe inflammatory response to dying parasites

26
Q

taenia sagniata

A

infected beef tapeworm

scolex - attaches to mucosa, sucking disks

minimal pathology

27
Q

taenia solum

A

pork tapeworm

can have cysts in brain!

cystericercosis - greatest cause of neurological seizures

28
Q

t. sagniata lifecycle

A

cysts - ingensted by cows - ingested by humans

cysts from cows get desteroyed

29
Q

t. solium lifecycle

A

we are the wrong host!

eat infected porm - ingest eggs –> infections with larvae (cysticercosis), infected with adult worms –> tapeworm in intestine

30
Q

t. solium diagnosis

A

eating rare pork (intestinal infection w worm)

exposure to food handlers w intestinal infection (ingestion of eggs - infection w larvae - cysticercosis)

neuroimaging

serology

calcified cysticeri in muscles

larvae dead in cysts - don’t need to treat

antiepileptic drug for senzures

drugs to kill parasites –> inflam –> worsen CNS patholgy - corticosteroids

surgery for custs but usually cysts not treated

31
Q

echinococcus

A

tapeworm

hydatid dieases

32
Q

schistosomaisis

A

blood fluke - trematode

s. mansoni, s. japonicum, s. haematobium

from snails in water

33
Q

schistosomiasis life cycle and transmission

A

eggs into water - infect snails (int host) - parasite develops - penetrate skin of animals

34
Q

schistosomaisis pathology

A

caused by eggs! males and females mate for life and live in venules, eggs penetrate intestinal wall - lumen –> environment, human eggs –> liver (accident) - pathology

35
Q

schistosoma mansoni

A

diagnosis - eggs in stool

portal hypertension,

eggs in liver - surrounded by lymphatic infiltrate - liver is a dead-end for eggs that get washed into it - host immune response around eggs in liver is main cause of schistosomiasis pathology

distinct granuloma around egg in center, fibrous tracts along center from fusion of granulomas

36
Q

schistosoma japinocum

A

ascites, hepatomegaly

life cycle: able to develop in buffalo (reservoir hosts) - so control efforts are more difficult

pathology: usually small bowel, more eggs in places they aren’t supposed to be, migration of worms, neuro sequenlae more common
diagnosis: eggs in stool - control: same as s. mansori

37
Q

schistosoma haematobium

A

found in Africa and middle east -

eggs in urine! diagnose by filtering urine

live around bladder - deposited in walls of bladder and pass out with urine

eggs calcified - fibrosis of bladder wall and obstruction of urinary tract, carcinoma

38
Q

chronic helminth infection features

A

Th2 response - IL-4, 5, 13, IgE, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells

T cell hypo-responsiveness - immune suppression by T regs and alternatively activated macrophages (M2)

39
Q

hygeine hypothesis

A

increased inflammatory disease due to decreased exposure to helminths

40
Q

T. trichiura and inflammatory disease

A

restores mucus production by inducing TH2 cells and IL-22, TH17, reduce inflammatory response to microbial flora - reduced inflammatory response and greater epithelial cell turnover - parasites flushed from gut

EXAM 6 (4 decks)

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