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EXAM 6 > Helminth > Flashcards

Helminth Flashcards

1
Q

Nematodes

A

Roundworms - GI helminths

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2
Q

Cestodes

A

Tapeworms, tissue dwelling heminths

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3
Q

Trematodes

A

Flukes - tissue dwelling

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4
Q

Pathology of heminths

A
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5
Q

Nematode life cycle

A

adult worms in intestine –> feces –> leave in eggs –> ingested eggs –> young larvae mature to adults and live in guy

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6
Q

trichuris trichirua

A

nematode

whipworm - whip part is buried in mucosa of colon and rectum

light infections - asymp

heavy infections - colitis, chronic diarrhea, prolapsed rectum occasionally

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7
Q

trichuris trichiura transmission, control, treatment

A

control:

  1. proper fecal disposal
  2. avoid contamination of food with soil that contains infectious eggs
    treatment: albendazole, mebendazole
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8
Q

enterobius vermicularis

A

pinworm!

nematode

scotchtape test - kids

wash bedding and clothes, handwashing and baths and clip fingernails

treatment: albendazole, pyrantel pamoate

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9
Q

hookworm

A

nematode - hook-like shape

infect small intestines - mult bleeding sites after hookworms detach and move to another site in the gut - more blood loss

anemia - eggs in stool!

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10
Q

hookworm transmission

A

adult worms in the intestine

can ingest eggs OR larvae hatch in soil and can penetrate intact skin and enter blood stream, pass through lungs to get to intestine!

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11
Q

hookworm diagnosis and treatment

A

diagnosis: anemia,

eggs in stool - microscopy

treatment: albendazole, pyrantel, mebendazole, oral iron and folic acid for anemia

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12
Q

Ascaris lumbricoides

A

8-12 inches long

SMALL BOWEL

pneumonitis during lung stage, hypersensitization –> astham

eosinophilia! especially early

possibly obstruction of intestine (kinds) or pancreatic ducts (adults)

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13
Q

diagnosis and treatment of ascaris lumbricoides

A

passage of adult worms via anus or mouth

passage of eggs (warty surface in stool)

treat:

mebendazole, albendazole, pyrantel (pregnant women)

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14
Q

ancylostoma canium and a braziliense

A

larve in humans are inappropriate host - don’t have proper enviornental cues - no normal hookworm life cycle

nematodes

“wander” through epidermis - inflammatorytracks

eggs passed in dog/cat feces, larvae develop in sandy soil and pentrate intact skin

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15
Q

CLM

A

cutaneous larva migrans

in humans by mistake - wander through epidermis and leave inflamatory tracts

treat w thiabendazole or ivermectin

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16
Q

toxcara canis and t. cani

A

nematodes

ascaris-like infections of puppies and kittens

visceral larva migrams - larva in human brain, liver,eye from contact in soil

misdaignosed as Rb!

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17
Q

CLM, VLM, OLM treatment

A

albendazole, mebendazole, ivermectin

prednisone - when lkill parasites in tissues - strong immune response! need corticosteroids

18
Q

strongyloidasis

A

smallest intestinal nemotode

small bowel

simialr to human hookworms except:

AUTOINFECTION: larvae emerge rapidly from eggs deposited by adults high in gut - some develop to become infective larvae in gut and reinvade as pass down

HYPERINFECTION: continued cycling between gut and lungs and may lead to multiplication of parasites, disseminated infection

larvae (not eggs) passed in stool - diagnosis by motile larvae

19
Q

strongyloides pathology

A

cycling of worms between gut and lung - longstanding infection

acute: inflammation and ulceration of small bowel mucosa, eosinophilia

long standing infections - sub clinical symptosm

increase in infection after immunosuppression

worms leave gut and travel through body - disseminated infection!! medical emergency, spread bacteria from gut all over body, sepsis

20
Q

strongyloides diagnosis and treatment

A

eosinophila, pulmonary symptoms (wheezing)

larvae in stool - rare because may reinvade gut as move down

may need mult stool samples

may be found in duodenal secretions

serology

treat: ivermectin or albendazole, antibac, antiviral for disseminated larvae

21
Q

filariasis

A

nematodes

live in lumen of afferent lymph vessels 0 inflammation, accumulation of lymph - elephantitis

22
Q

filaririasis lifecycle/transmission

A
  1. mosquito takes blood meal - larvae enter skin
  2. adults in lymphatics
  3. adults make filariae that migrate into lymph and blood
  4. mosquito takes a blood meal and ingests microfilariiae, replicate in mosquito
23
Q

IL-10

A

induced by helminth infections, inhibits immune mediated pathology

tmodulated response - tolerant/suppressed - subclinical infection

24
Q

loiasis

A

filiaris, nematode

migrates through eye - response is more dangerous than carrying

25
treatment for filarial worms
DEC - filarious and loiasis - severe adverse for loiasis patients with high parasite loads and coinfection ivermectin - lymphatic filarisis - severe adverse for loiasis severe inflammatory response to dying parasites
26
taenia sagniata
infected beef tapeworm scolex - attaches to mucosa, sucking disks minimal pathology
27
taenia solum
pork tapeworm can have cysts in brain! cystericercosis - greatest cause of neurological seizures
28
t. sagniata lifecycle
cysts - ingensted by cows - ingested by humans cysts from cows get desteroyed
29
t. solium lifecycle
we are the wrong host! eat infected porm - ingest eggs --\> infections with larvae (cysticercosis), infected with adult worms --\> tapeworm in intestine
30
t. solium diagnosis
eating rare pork (intestinal infection w worm) exposure to food handlers w intestinal infection (ingestion of eggs - infection w larvae - cysticercosis) neuroimaging serology calcified cysticeri in muscles larvae dead in cysts - don't need to treat antiepileptic drug for senzures drugs to kill parasites --\> inflam --\> worsen CNS patholgy - corticosteroids surgery for custs but usually cysts not treated
31
echinococcus
tapeworm hydatid dieases
32
schistosomaisis
blood fluke - trematode s. mansoni, s. japonicum, s. haematobium from snails in water
33
schistosomiasis life cycle and transmission
eggs into water - infect snails (int host) - parasite develops - penetrate skin of animals
34
schistosomaisis pathology
caused by eggs! males and females mate for life and live in venules, eggs penetrate intestinal wall - lumen --\> environment, human eggs --\> liver (accident) - pathology
35
schistosoma mansoni
diagnosis - eggs in stool portal hypertension, eggs in liver - surrounded by lymphatic infiltrate - liver is a dead-end for eggs that get washed into it - host immune response around eggs in liver is main cause of schistosomiasis pathology distinct granuloma around egg in center, fibrous tracts along center from fusion of granulomas
36
schistosoma japinocum
ascites, hepatomegaly life cycle: able to develop in buffalo (reservoir hosts) - so control efforts are more difficult pathology: usually small bowel, more eggs in places they aren't supposed to be, migration of worms, neuro sequenlae more common diagnosis: eggs in stool - control: same as s. mansori
37
schistosoma haematobium
found in Africa and middle east - eggs in urine! diagnose by filtering urine live around bladder - deposited in walls of bladder and pass out with urine eggs calcified - fibrosis of bladder wall and obstruction of urinary tract, carcinoma
38
chronic helminth infection features
Th2 response - IL-4, 5, 13, IgE, basophils, eosinophils, mast cells T cell hypo-responsiveness - immune suppression by T regs and alternatively activated macrophages (M2)
39
hygeine hypothesis
increased inflammatory disease due to decreased exposure to helminths
40
T. trichiura and inflammatory disease
restores mucus production by inducing TH2 cells and IL-22, TH17, reduce inflammatory response to microbial flora - reduced inflammatory response and greater epithelial cell turnover - parasites flushed from gut

EXAM 6 (4 decks)

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