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IDC School > HEENT Structure and Functional Organization > Flashcards

HEENT Structure and Functional Organization Flashcards

1
Q

What is a conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment?

A

Sensation

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2
Q

What are the special senses?

A
  • Smell
  • Taste
  • Vision
  • Hearing
  • Equilibrium
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3
Q

What conditions must be satisfied for a sensation to occur?

A
  • A stimulus
  • A sensory receptor converting the stimulus to an electrical signal.
  • A nerve pathway conducts the information to the brain.
  • A region of the brain translates/integrates the nerve impulse into a sensation.
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4
Q

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations?

A

Perception

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5
Q

What senses include tactile, thermal, pain, and proprioceptive sensations?

A

Somatic

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6
Q

What senses provide sensations from internal organs?

A

Visceral

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7
Q

Perceptions are a function of what?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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8
Q

What is the decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?

A

Adaptation

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9
Q

What type of receptors detect mechanical deformation of adjacent cells?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

What type of receptors detect changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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11
Q

What type of receptors detect pain?

A

Nociceptors

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12
Q

Are nociceptors adaptable?

A

No

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13
Q

What receptors are virtually located in all tissues of the body except for the brain?

A

Nociceptors

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14
Q

What type of pain is known as acute, sharp, or pricking?

A

Fast pain

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15
Q

What type of pain is precisely located?

A

Fast pain

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16
Q

What type of pain tends to be chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing?

A

Slow pain

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17
Q

What type of pain is more diffuse?

A

Slow pain

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18
Q

Thermal receptors are located in the epidermis and dermis. Which is cold and which is hot?

A

Epidermis - Cold
Dermis - Warm

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19
Q

Thermal receptors for cold are located in what?

A

Epidermis

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20
Q

Thermal receptors for warm are located where?

A

Dermis

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21
Q

What type of receptors are deep dermal and located everywhere?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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22
Q

Which receptor for somatic senses include touch, pressure, vibration, itch, and tickle?

A

Tactile

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23
Q

Between what temperatures activates cold receptors located in the epidermis?

A

10-40 C (50-105 F)

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24
Q

Between what temperatures activates warm receptors located in the dermis?

A

32-48 C (90-118 F)

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25
Q

What happens when temperatures fall below 10 C (50 F) and rise above 48 C (118 F)?

A

Stimulates nociceptors, instead of thermoreceptors, thus eliciting painful simulations.

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26
Q

What informs which muscles are contracting?

A

Muscle spindles

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27
Q

What informs the amount of tension in our tendons?

A

Tendons organs

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28
Q

What informs the position of our joints while doing work?

A

Joint kinesthetic

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29
Q

What monitors the orientation of the head relative to the ground and positioning during movements?

A

Hair cells in the middle ear

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30
Q

What allows us to estimate the weight of objects and determines the muscular effort needed to perform a task?

A

Proprioceptive sensations

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31
Q

Where are olfactory receptors located?

A

Nasal epithelium

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32
Q

What is gustation?

A

Sense of taste

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33
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A
  • Salt
  • Sweet
  • Bitter
  • Sour
  • Umami
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34
Q

What converts the stimulus to an electrical signal?

A

Sensory receptor

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35
Q

Most tactile sensations are detected by what type of receptors?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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36
Q

Where are mechanoreceptors located?

A

Superficial and deep dermal layers

37
Q

Where are proprioceptors located?

A
  • Skeletal muscles (muscle spindles) - Contraction
  • Tendons (tendon organs) - too much weight
38
Q

The olfactory pathway has axons that form olfactory nerves (CN-I) and they extend through cribriform plate to ________ _________ via holes in the cribriform plate?

A

Olfactory bulb

39
Q

What houses the emotional response to odors?

A

Limbic system

40
Q

The olfactory tract will project to what for awareness of smell and to limbic system for emotional responses to odor?

A

Cerebral cortex

41
Q

Taste buds convey impulses to what cranial nerves?

A
  • CN VII Facial
  • CN IX Glossopharyngeal
  • CN X Vagus
42
Q

What cranial nerve carries taste information from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

CN VIII Facial

43
Q

What cranial nerve carries taste information from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

CN IX Glossopharyngeal

44
Q

What cranial nerve carriest tase informtion from taste buds on the epiglottis and in the throat?

A

CN X Vagus

45
Q

From the midbrain, the axons go to the final destination of primary gustatory area (parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex) for what?

A

Conscious perception of taste

46
Q

Where is the finaldestination for the conscious perception of taste?

A

Primary gustatory area (parietal lobe of cerebral cortex)

47
Q

How do tears drain from the surface of the eye?

A

Through lacrimal canaliculi and then to the nasolacrimal duct.

48
Q

What six muscles move the eyeball from left to right and up and down?

A
  • Superior rectus
  • Inferior rectus
  • Lateral rectus
  • Medial rectus
  • Superior oblique
  • Inferior oblique
49
Q

Which cranial nerve assists with mastication?

A

CN V Trigeminal

50
Q

The fibrous tunic is divided into what two regions?

A
  • Posterior sclera
  • Anterior cornea
51
Q

What is layer of the eyeball is divided into the posterior sclera and anterior cornea?

A

Fibrous tunic

52
Q

What is the middle layer of the eyeball?

A

Vascular tunic

53
Q

What layer of the eyeball is composed of three portions: choroid, ciliary body, and iris?

A

Vascular tunic

54
Q

The vascular tunic is composed of what three portions?

A
  • Choroid
  • Ciliary body
  • Iris
55
Q

What is the inner layer of the eyeball?

A

Retina

56
Q

What layer of the eyeball lies in the poster three-quarters of the eye and functions in image formation?

A

Retina - internal layer

57
Q

Where is the retina and what is its function?

A

Posterior three-quarters of the eye and functions in image formation.

58
Q

Photoreceptors are called what?

A

Rods and Cones

59
Q

The eye’s interior is divided into what by the lens?

A

Anterior cavity and the vitreous chamber

60
Q

What is filled with a watery fluid called the aqueous humor that is continuously produced by the ciliary process?

A

Anterior cavity

61
Q

What helps maintain shape of the eye and nourishes the lens in the cornea?

A

Anterior cavity

62
Q

What is the larger of the cavities?

A

Vitreous chamber

63
Q

What lies anterior to the lens and is filled with aqueous humor?

A

Anterior cavity

64
Q

What lies between the retina and the lens which contains a clear, jellylike substance?

A

Vitreous chamber

65
Q

What helps maintain the eye’s shape and holes the retina in place?

A

Vitreous chamber

66
Q

How is inta ocular pressure produced?

A

By the aqueous humor (mainly) and the vitreous body.

67
Q

What is normal IOP?

A

16 mm Hg

68
Q

What does IOP do?

A
  • Maintains the shape of the eyeball
  • Keeps the retina in position and nourished
69
Q

What begins with the absorption of light rays by the rods and cones of the retina?

A

Visual stimulation

70
Q

Visual stimulation begins with what?

A

The absorption of light rays by the rods and cones of the retina.

71
Q

A deficiency in what vitamin leads to night blindness?

A

Vitamin A

72
Q

What is missing in colorblindness?

A

Red and green cones

73
Q

Rods versus Cones. Which is dark, shades of gray? Which is bright, color?

A

Cones - bright, color
Rods - dark, shades of gray

74
Q

What part of the ear is a small air-filled cavity?

A

Middle ear

75
Q

What type of cavity lies between the eardrum and the internal ear?

A

Air-filled

76
Q

What are the three bones of the middle ear?

A
  • Malleus
  • Incus
  • Stapes
77
Q

What is the largest of the auditory ossicles?

A

Malleus

78
Q

What bone attaches to the tympanic membrane?

A

Malleus

79
Q

Which auditory osscile attaches to the oval window?

A

Stapes

80
Q

What repeatedly strikes the oval window?

A

Stapes

81
Q

Sound waves enter the ear through the external auditory canal, strike the tympanic membrane, and are conducted through what?

A

The ossicles: Malleus, Incus, Stapes

82
Q

What refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity?

A

Static equilibrium

83
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity.

84
Q

What is the maintenance of the body position in response to sudden movements?

A

Dynamic equilibrium

85
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Maintenance of the body position in response to sudden movements.

86
Q

Where are the receptor organs for equilibrium located?

A

Internal eara

87
Q

What are the receptor organs for equilibrium?

A
  • Saccule
  • Utricle
  • Semicircular ducts
88
Q

What is CN VIII?

A

Vestibulocochlear

89
Q

What cranial nerve can be associated with the medulla and cerebellum?

A

CN VIII Vestibulocochlear

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