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PCM III final exam > HEENT and resp exam > Flashcards

HEENT and resp exam Flashcards

1
Q

fetal alcohol syndrome - head inspection finding

A

mild microcephaly

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2
Q

fragile X syndrome - head inspection finding

A

broad nasal bridge

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3
Q

hurler syndrome - head inspection finding

A
  • low nasal bridge

- fronta prominence

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4
Q

treacher collins syndrome - head inspection finding

A
  • downward slanting of the palpebral fissures
  • low set ears
  • micrognathia
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5
Q

acromeagly - head inspection finding

A
  • elongated head
  • coarsened fascial features
  • bony overgrowth of forehead, nose, and lower jaw
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6
Q

cushing’s disease - head inspection finding

A
  • moon face
  • reddened cheeks
  • hirsuitism
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7
Q

hypothyroidism - head inspection finding

A
  • puffiness of the face

- thinning and coarsening of the eyebrows and hair

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8
Q

where should the ear height be at?

A

top of the auricle should touch or be above an imaginary line between the inner canthus of the eye and the most prominent protuberance of the occiput

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9
Q

preauricular pit develops due to?

A

developmental defect in the branchial arches

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10
Q

keloid

A

overgrowth of collagen in scar tissue beyond the borders of the original injury

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11
Q

caulifower ear: etiology? mechanism?

A
  1. caused by repeated blows to the external ear among boxers and wrestlers
  2. hematoma separates the cartilage from the perichondrium and scar tissue fills the gap between the 2 layers
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12
Q

otitis externa is infection of where?

A

infection of external canal (canal is painful

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13
Q

otitis externa is caused by?

A

canal remaining most

most often infection by Pseudomonas

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14
Q

otitis externa tx

A

ear drops, canal opened and cleaned

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15
Q

if not treated, otitis externa can lead to?

A

malignant otitis externa - in diabetes, can spread and cause infection of the soft tissues of the base of the skull

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16
Q

otitis media is infection of where?

A

middle ear

most commonly seen in peds

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17
Q

if not treated, otitis media can lead to?

A
  1. acute coalescent mastoiditis - a life-threatening ear infection
  2. meningitis
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18
Q

what is glue ear?

A

middle ear becomes filled with glue-like fluid

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19
Q

finding in patient with glue ear?

A

decreased auditory acuity due to fluid dampening the vibration of the eardrum and bones of the middle ear

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20
Q

glue ear tx

A

surgical - tiny cut is made in the eardrum, fluid drained, and myringotomy tube inserted

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21
Q

what is hemotypmanum and what is it caused by?

A
  1. collection of blood in the middle ear that is visible through the tympanic membrane
  2. head trauma
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22
Q

what is tympanic membrane retraction?

A

portion of the tympanic membrane is weakened and retracts into the middle ear as a result of the relative negative pressure

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23
Q

what is tympanic membrane retraction caused by?

A

a sequela of glue ear

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24
Q

finding in patient with tympanic membrane retraction

A

compromised auditory acuity due to tympanic membrane draping over the ossicles and impeding vibration

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25
Q

what is rhinitis

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the nose characterized by itchy/runny nose, sneezing, and nasal congestion

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26
Q

what is the most common type of epistaxis? and which area does it occurs in?

A
  1. anterior epistaxis

2. Kesselbach’s plexus

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27
Q

causes of posterior epistaxis

A

elderly patients with fragile vessels due to HTN, atherosclerosis, coagulopathies, or weakened tissue

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28
Q

clinical features of posterior episatxis

A
  1. profuse bleeding due to large vessels (involves the sphenopalatine artery)
  2. requires hospitalization and surgery
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29
Q

what is deviated septum

A

condition where the nasal septum is deviated laterally due to congenital or secondary to trauma

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30
Q

septal perforation caused by

A
  1. any condition where the blood supply to the septum is chronically compromised
  2. commonly by inhalation of vasoconstriction substances (ie. cocaine)
31
Q

sinusitis caused by

A
  1. anything that causes swelling in the sinuses or keeps the cilia from moving mucus such as changes in temperature or air pressure
32
Q

sinus infection can be caused by

A

URI

33
Q

pathophysiology of sinus infection

A
  1. virus infects the mucus membranes of the sinuses, causing them to swell and narrow
  2. mucus membranes increase secretions, but secretions are trapped in the swollen sinus
  3. stagnant mucus in sinuses become secondarily infected with bacteria
34
Q

most common skin cancer

A

basal cell carcinoma

35
Q

risk factors for basal cell carcinoma

A
  1. sun exposed areas
  2. fair skinned
  3. over exposure to radiation: solar, X-rays
36
Q

squamous cell carcinoma appearance

A

scaly, crusting patch

37
Q

herpes simplex is often caused by which type?

A

HSV-1

38
Q

stages of herpes simplex

A
  1. asymptomatic
  2. virus goes into latent stage and migrates to DRG
  3. physical or emotional distress causes a recurrence of the infection at the original site of infection
39
Q

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome causes

A

multiple intestinal polyps and increases risk of GI tract cancer

40
Q

Peutz-Jeghers syndrome pathophysiology

A

melanin deposits of mucous membranes

41
Q

thrush is caused by

A

oral infection caused by overgrowth of Candida albicans commonly seen in infants, immunosuppressed patients, patients on abx or chemo

42
Q

CC in patients with thrust

A

irritation of the mouth and altered taste

43
Q

geographic tongue is linked to

A

Vit B deficiency

44
Q

geographic tongue appearance is due to

A

loss of papillae

45
Q

cause of fissured tongue

A

genetic

46
Q

symptoms of fissured tongue

A

usually asymptomatic, noticed on routine exam

47
Q

hairy leukoplakia associated with

A

pipe smoking, chewing tobacco or snuff

48
Q

hairy leukoplakia is an early sign of

A

HIV infection

49
Q

oral carcinoma prognosis

A

aggressive cancer

50
Q

oral carcinoma risk factors

A

chronic alcohol use and smoking

51
Q

oral carcinoma detection is delayed because of

A

inadequate examination

52
Q

tonsillar carcinoma is usually which type?

A

squamous cell

53
Q

tonsillar carcinoma is linked to

A

HPV infection

54
Q

what is torus palatinus

A

hard bony growth in the center of the roof of the mouth (hard palate). it is not a tumor but a benign bony growth called an exostosis

55
Q

torus palatinus occurs in which population

A

females over the age of 30

56
Q

tx of torus palatinus

A

rarely treated, sometimes removed for the proper fitting of dentures

57
Q

tonsillitis is often caused by which bacteria

A

gram positive

Streptococcus pyrogenes can lead to rheumatic fever

58
Q

tx of tonisillits

A

abx to prevent rheumatic fever or tonsillar abscess

59
Q

findings in bacterial tonsillitis

A

pus in tonsillar crypts

60
Q

tracheal displacement can be caused by

A
  1. neck mass
  2. pneumothorax
  3. lung mass
61
Q

pectus excavatum (funnel chest) can cause

A

compression of heart and great vessels, causing murmurs

62
Q

decreased motion of chest wall with respiration may indicate

A

bronchial obstruction or pleural effusio

63
Q

what is seen with pneumothorax?

A

subcuteanous emphysema

64
Q

tactile fremitus is helpful in diagnosig

A

consolidation

65
Q

which physical exam of the pulmonary provides the most information?

A

ausculatation

66
Q

pneumonia PE findings

A
  1. ausculatation - decreased breath sounds over affected area, sounds more bronchial, rhonchi
  2. percussion - dullness
  3. special tests - increased bronchophony and tactile fremitus
67
Q

COPD PE findings

A
  1. auscultation - decreased breath sounds in all lung fields, wheezing
  2. percussion - hyperresonance
  3. special test - decreased bronchophony and tactile fremitus
68
Q

CHF PE findings

A
  1. auscultation - decreased breath sounds in dependent portions of the lung, rales
  2. percussion - unchanged or decreased
  3. special tests - unchanged
69
Q

pneumothorax PE findings

A
  1. auscultation - breath sounds decreased or absent on affected side
  2. percussion - marked hyperresonance
  3. special tests - decreased bronchophony and tactile fremitus
70
Q

pleural effusion PE findings

A
  1. auscultation - decreased or absent on affected side
  2. percussion - dullness on affected side
  3. special tests - unchanged bronchophony, decreased tactile fremitus
71
Q

posterior landmark for upper lobe and lower lobe separation

A

spinouse process of T3

72
Q

horizontal fissure separates which lobes on which side?

A

upper and middle lobes on the R

73
Q

oblique fissure separates which lobes?

A

upper and lower lobes

PCM III final exam (7 decks)

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