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HEENT > HEENT A&P > Flashcards

HEENT A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is the location and temperature of the cold Receptors?

A
  • Located in Epidermis
  • 50-105 F (10-40 C)
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2
Q

Where are the warm receptors located in the body and what is the temperature range?

A
  • Located Dermis
  • 90-118F (32-48C)
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3
Q

What are the special Senses?

A
  • Smell (olfaction)
  • Taste (Gustation)
  • Vision
  • Balance
  • Hearing
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4
Q

What are the four primary tastes of the tongue?

A
  • Salt
  • Sour
  • Bitter
  • Umami
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5
Q

How do tears flow?

A

Lacrimal Gland -> Lacrimal Ducts -> Superior or Inferior Lacrimal Canal -> Lacrimal Sac -> Nasolacrimal duct -> Nasal Cavity

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6
Q

How many cavities make up the eyeball? and what are they made up of?

A
  • Anterior Cavity- Aqueous humor
  • Posterior Cavity- Gel-like vitreous humor
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7
Q

What are the four steps of formation of image on the retina?

A
  1. Refraction
  2. Accommodation
  3. Constriction
  4. Convergence

RACC

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8
Q

What is RACC?

A

Steps for forming image on the Retina
1.Refraction
2. Accommodation
3. Constriction
4. Convergence

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9
Q

Describe Refraction

A

Bending of lights rays as they pass from medium of one density to another of a different density.

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10
Q

Describe Accommodation

A

Change of lens shape to focus for near vision.

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11
Q

Describe Constriction

A

Narrowing of pupil to control amount of light entering the eye.

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12
Q

Describe Convergence

A

Coming together of eyeballs for binocular vision.

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13
Q

Describe vision pathway

A

Photoreceptor cells (Rods or cones) -> Bipolar layer -> Ganglion cells; their axons form optic nerve.

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14
Q

What is static equilbrium?

A

Senses position relative to gravity.

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15
Q

What is Dynamic Equilibrium?

A

Senses position in response to head movement.

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16
Q

How does hearing work?

A
  1. Auricle directs sound waves into the external auditory canal
  2. Sounds strikes the TM and altering between high and low pressure causing it to vibrate slowly, Low frequency sounds vibrate slowly and rapidly to high pitch sounds
  3. The Central area of the TM is connected to the Malleus. The vibration is then transmitted via this way to the incus and then to the stapes.
  4. Stapes moves back and forth on the TM and transfers the larger vibrations into a smaller surface (the oval window).
  5. This movement sets up fluid pressure waves in the perilympth of the cochlea, as the oval window bulges inward, it pushes on the perilymp of the scala vestibuli
  6. Presssures waves travel from the scala vestibuli to the the scala tympani and into the round window, causing it to buldge in the middle ear.
  7. Pressure travels through the perilymph of the scala vestibuli, into the vestibular membrane, and then moves into the endolymph inside the cochlear duct
  8. The pressure waves in the endolymph cause the basilar membrane to vibrate which moves the hair cells of the spiral organ against the tectorial membrane. Leading to the bending of the stereocilia and ultimately the generation of nerve impulses.
17
Q

What is the ear divided into?

A

Outer Ear: Auricle, External auditory canal, and the Tympanic Membrance (TM)
Middle Ear: Auditory tube (Eustachian tube), and the Ossicles (bones)
Inner Ear: Bony Labyrinth and Membranous filled with endolymph.

18
Q

What are some parts of the Outer ear?

A

The Auricle, External Auditory, Canal and the TM.
Also includes the hairs and the ceruminous glands (The glands that produce ear wax).

19
Q

What is the middle ear made up of?

A

Auditory tube (eustachian tube) and ossicles (bones)
* Ossicles include the Malleus, Incus, stapes: attached to the oval window.

20
Q

What is the inner ear made up of?

A

Bony Labyrinth and Membranous Labytinth filled with endolymph.
* Also includes the Cochlea and the Vestibule and semicircular canals

21
Q

What organ is response for the sense of hearing?

A

Cochlea

22
Q

What organs are responsible for balance?

A

Vestibule and Semicircular canals

23
Q

What is myopia?

A

Can see near objects (Nearsightedness)

24
Q

What is hyperopia?

A

Can see far objects (farsightedness)

25
Q

What is Astigmatism?

A

Irregular curvature of the lens.

26
Q

What Sensory receptor deals with touch, pressure, and vibration?

A

Mechanoreceptors

27
Q

Photoreceptors detect what?

A

Light

28
Q

What Sensory receptor deal with taste and smell?

A

Chemoreceptors

29
Q

Pain sensory receptors are known as what?

A

Nociceptors

30
Q

What sensory receptor detects osmotic pressure of body fluid?

A

Osmoreceptors

31
Q

Where are somatic receptors most densely concentrated at in the body?

A

Fingertips, Lips, tip of tongue.

32
Q

What sensory receptors are associated with Merkel discs or tactile disc?

A

Type I Mechanoreceptors

33
Q

Wheree are surface receptors located?

A

in the epidermis.

34
Q

Where are type II mechanoreveptors located?

A

Ruffini corpuscles.
* Deep in dermis and tendons

35
Q

What is responsible for the itch and tickle sensations?

A

Free nerve endings.

36
Q

What are the extraocular muscles of the eye?

A
  • Superior Rectus
  • Inferior Rectus
  • Lateral Rectus
  • Medial Rectus
  • Superior Oblique
  • Inferior Oblique

HEENT (3 decks)

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