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HEENT > HEENT A&P > Flashcards

HEENT A&P Flashcards

1
Q

What is sensation?

A

Conscious or subconscious awareness of changes in the external or internal environment

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2
Q

What are the special senses?

A

Tactile, thermal, pain and proprioceptive sensations

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3
Q

What are visceral sensations?

A

Sensations from internal organs

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4
Q

What 4 conditions must be satisfied for sensation to occur?

A
  • Stimulus
  • Receptor converts stimulus into electrical signal
  • Nerve pathway conducts the information to the brain
  • Brain translates or integrates impulse into sensation
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5
Q

What is perception?

A

Conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations

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6
Q

Perception is primarily a function of what part of the brain?

A

Cerebral Cortex

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7
Q

What is adaptation?

A

Decrease in strength of sensation during prolonged exposure

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8
Q

What are the types of receptors?

A
  • Mechanoreceptors
  • Thermoreceptors
  • Nociceptors
  • Photoreceptors
  • Chemoreceptors
    -Osmoreceptors
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9
Q

What receptor detects mechanical information?

A

Mechanoreceptors

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10
Q

What receptor detects changes in temperature?

A

Thermoreceptors

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11
Q

What receptor detects pain?

A

Nociceptors

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12
Q

What receptor detects light?

A

Photoreceptors

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13
Q

What receptor detects presence of chemicals?

A

Chemoreceptors

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14
Q

What receptor detects osmotic pressure of fluids?

A

Osmoreceptors

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15
Q

Somatic sensations arise from where?

A

Sensory receptors in skin, mucous membranes, muscles, tendons and joints

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16
Q

How are sensory receptors for somatic sensations distributed through the body?

A

Widely and unevenly so that some are more sensitive to others (ex. Fingertips, lips, tip of the tongue)

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17
Q

What are the receptors for somatic senses?

A

Tactile, thermal and pain

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18
Q

What sensations do tactile receptors detect?

A

Touch, pressure, vibration, itch and tickle

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19
Q

Where are tactile receptors located?

A

Skin or subcutaneous tissue

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20
Q

What sensations do thermal receptors detect?

A

Warm, cold

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21
Q

Where are thermal receptors located?

A

Epidermis and dermis

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22
Q

Where are pain receptors located?

A

Everywhere, except the brain

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23
Q

What are the 2 thermal receptors?

A

Cold and warm

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24
Q

What temperatures do cold receptors detect?

A

10-40C (50-105F)

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25
Q

Where are cold receptors located?

A

Epidermis

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26
Q

What temperatures do warm receptors detect?

A

32-48C (90-118F)

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27
Q

Where are warm receptors located?

A

Dermis

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28
Q

Temperatures below cold receptor range and above warm receptor range are perceived as what?

A

Pain

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29
Q

Do nociceptors adapt to pain?

A

No

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30
Q

What is fast pain?

A

Acute, sharp, picking, can be precisely located

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31
Q

What is slow pain?

A

Chronic, aching, burning, more diffuse

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32
Q

Where are proprioceptors located?

A

Skeletal muscles (muscle spindles), tendons (tendon organs), in and around synovial joints (joint kinesthetic receptors), and inner ears (hair cells)

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33
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Kinesthetic sense or the perception of body movements

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34
Q

What do muscle spindles detect?

A

Inform which muscles are contracting

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35
Q

What do tendon organs detect?

A

Amount of tension in our tendons

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36
Q

What do joint kinesthetic proprioceptors detect?

A

Position of joints while doing work

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37
Q

What do hair cells detect?

A

Orientation of head relative to ground and positioning

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38
Q

What is the sense of smell called?

A

Olfaction

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39
Q

What type of sense is smell?

A

Chemical sense

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40
Q

How many receptors are located in the olfactory epithelium?

A

10 million-100 million receptors

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41
Q

Where are the olfactory receptors located?

A

Superior aspect of the nasal cavity

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42
Q

What are the 3 types of cells in the olfactory epithelium?

A

Olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells and basal cells

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43
Q

What must happen to odorants to be smelled?

A

Must be dissolved

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44
Q

At what speed does adaption to odors occur?

A

Quickly

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45
Q

What is the threshold of smell?

A

Low

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46
Q

What forms the olfactory tract?

A

Axons from olfactory nerve and olfactory neurons

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47
Q

What does the olfactory tract project to the cerebral cortex?

A

Awareness of smell

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48
Q

What does the olfactory tract project to the limbic system?

A

Emotional response to odors

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49
Q

What is gustation?

A

Sense of taste

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50
Q

What are the primary tastes?

A

Salt, sweet, bitter, sour and umami

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51
Q

Where are the gustatory cells located?

A

Taste buds on the surface of the tongue

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52
Q

What are the raised bumps on the tongue?

A

Fungiform papillae

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53
Q

What must happen to tastants to be tasted?

A

Must be dissolved in saliva

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54
Q

At what speed does adaptation to taste occur?

A

Quickly

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55
Q

What is the threshold for taste adaptation?

A

Varies for each of the primary tastes

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56
Q

Which nerves are responsible for taste?

A

7, 9, 10

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57
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for tasting sweet and salty?

A

CN 7

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58
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for tasting bitter and sour?

A

CN 9

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59
Q

Which portion of the tongue is sweet and salty tasted?

A

Anterior 2/3

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60
Q

Which portion of the tongue is responsible for tasting bitter and sour?

A

Posterior 1/3

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61
Q

CN X carries taste information from where in the body?

A

Epiglottis

62
Q

Where do taste buds impulses propagate?

A

Midbrain

63
Q

From the mid brain, where is the final destination of primary gustatory area for conscious perception of taste?

A

Parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex

64
Q

What are the accessory structures of the eye?

A
  • Eyebrows and eyelashes
  • Eyelids
  • Lacrimal apparatus
65
Q

What protects the eye from foreign objects, perspiration and sun rays?

A

Eyebrows and eyelashes

66
Q

What shades the eyes during sleep, protects it form excessive light and spreads lubrication by blinking?

A

Eyelids

67
Q

What is the group of glands, duct and canals that produce and drain tears?

A

Lacrimal apparatus

68
Q

What is the path of a tear?

A

Lacrimal gland->lacrimal duct->lacrimal canaliculi ->nasolacrimal duct->nasal cavity

In short, tears start at the lacrimal gland, through the duct to the nose cavity

69
Q

What muscles move the eyeball?

A
  • Superior/Inferior Rectus
  • Lateral/Medial Rectus
  • Superior/Inferior Oblique
70
Q

What are the main layers of the eyeball?

A
  • Fibrous Tunic (outer)
  • Vascular Tunic (middle)
  • Retina (inner)
71
Q

What are the 2 regions of the fibrous tunic?

A
  • Posterior Sclera
  • Anterior Cornea
72
Q

What structure is nonvascular and bends light rays onto the retina?

A

Anterior Cornea

73
Q

What is the white of the eye?

A

Sclera

74
Q

What are the 3 portions of the vascular tunic?

A
  • choroid
  • ciliary body
  • iris
75
Q

What is the thin membrane that lines the inner portion of the sclera?

A

Choroid

76
Q

What alters the shape of the lens for near and far vision (accommodation?

A

Ciliary muscle in the ciliary body

77
Q

What is the colored portion of the eye?

A

Iris

78
Q

What structure does light enter through?

A

Pupil

79
Q

The retina is located where?

A

Posterior 3/4 of the eye

80
Q

What does the neural layer of the retina consist of?

A
  • photoreceptor layer
  • bipolar cell layer
  • ganglion layer
81
Q

What are the photoreceptors?

A

Rods and Cones

82
Q

Which receptor allows us to see shades of gray in dim light?

A

Rods

83
Q

Which photoreceptor allows us to see in color?

A

Cones

84
Q

Where are the cones located?

A

Fovea Centralis

85
Q

Which area has the sharpest vision?

A

Fovea Centalis due to high concentration of cones

86
Q

The eye’s interior is divided into what structures?

A
  • Anterior cavity
  • Vitreous chamber
87
Q

What helps maintain the shape of the eye and nourishes the lens and the cornea?

A

Aqueous Humor

88
Q

What maintains the shape of the eye and holds of retina in place?

A

Vitreous Chamber

89
Q

What is the difference in material between the aqueous humor and vitreous chamber?

A

Aqueous= watery fluid
Vitreous= jellylike

90
Q

What structures maintain IOP?

A

Aqueous humor (mainly)
Vitreous body

91
Q

What is the normal measurement for IOP?

A

16mm Hg

92
Q

What are the processes involved in the formation of vision?

A
  • image on the retina
  • stimulation of rods and cones
  • pathway to the brain
93
Q

The cornea carries out percentage of refraction?

A

75%

94
Q

In what orientation are images focused on the retina?

A

Upside down

95
Q

Refraction abnormalities can result in what?

A
  • myopia (nearsightedness)
  • hyperopia (farsightedness)
  • astigmatism (change in curvature of the eye)
96
Q

Convergence of both eyes so that they are being directed on the object allows for what kind of vision?

A

Binocular

97
Q

What is nonfunctional in day light?

A

Rods

98
Q

What vitamin deficiency can cause night blindness?

A

Vitamin A

99
Q

In colorblindness, what color cones are missing?

A

Red or green

100
Q

Rods and cones convey impulses on to what cell?

A

Bipolar cells of the retina

101
Q

What cells initiate nerve impulses?

A

Ganglion cells

102
Q

Impulses from ganglion cells are conveyed along axons through the retina to which Cranial Nerve?

A

CN 2

103
Q

What percentage of neurons cross the optic chiasm?

A

50%

104
Q

Where do neurons cross to reach the opposite side of the brain?

A

Optic Chiasm

105
Q

Where is sight perceived in the brain?

A

Primary Visual areas of the Occipital Lobe

106
Q

What are the 3 anatomical subdivisions of the ear?

A
  • External (outer) ear
  • Middle Ear
  • Internal (inner) ear
107
Q

What is the basic function of the external ear?

A

Collect/direct sound waves
Sound is mechanical

108
Q

What are the structures of external ear?

A
  • Auricle
  • External Auditory canal
  • TM (ear drum)
109
Q

What is the function of the auricle?

A

Collects sound waves and directs them to the auditory canal

110
Q

The hairs and glands in the External auditory canal secrete what substance?

A

Cerumen

111
Q

What is the TM?

A
  • Thin semi-transparent partition between the external auditory canal and middle ear
112
Q

What effect does sound have on the TM?

A

TM vibrates

113
Q

What is the middle ear?

A

Small, air filled cavity between the eardrum and internal ear

114
Q

The middle ear is connected to the throat via what?

A

Auditory tubes (Eustachian tubes)

115
Q

What function do the Eustachian tubes have?

A

Opens to equalize pressure on both sides of TM, preventing rupture

116
Q

What is the general name for the 3 tiny bones that extend across the middle ear?

A

Auditory Ossicles

117
Q

What are the names of the 3 tiny bones within the middle ear?

A

Malleus, Incus, Stapes

118
Q

Which bone touches the TM?

A

Malleus

119
Q

Where are the receptors for hearing and equilibrium located?

A

Internal Ear

120
Q

What are the 2 general regions of the internal ear?

A

Outer bony labyrinth and inner membranous labyrinth

121
Q

What are the structures of the bony labyrinth?

A

Cochlea, Vestibule, Semicircular canal

122
Q

Where is perilymph found?

A

Bony Labyrinth

123
Q

Where is endolymph found?

A

Membranous labyrinth

124
Q

What structures make up the oval portion of the bony labyrinth?

A

Vestibule

125
Q

The 3 bony semicircular canals are arranged how?

A

Right angles to each other. 2 of them are vertical while the other is horizontal

126
Q

The enlargement at the end of the semicircular canals are known as what?

A

Ampulla

127
Q

What is the principle organ of hearing?

A

Cochlea or “Spiral Organ”

128
Q

What is the structure of the cochlea?

A

Spiral bony canal

129
Q

Where is the cochlea located?

A

Resting on basilar membrane inside the cochlear duct

130
Q

What cells are located inside of the cochlea?

A

Hair cells

131
Q

What covers the hair cells in the cochlea?

A

Tectorial Membrane

132
Q

Which CN do hair cells synapse with?

A

CN 8 (Acoustic)

133
Q

What is the path of sound waves?

A

External ear->external auditory canal->strikes TM->conduction to ossicles

134
Q

What structures does the stapes repeatedly strike in the middle ear?

A

Oval window

135
Q

Pressure changes within the cochlea causes movement of what membrane?

A

Tectorial membrane

136
Q

Movement of the tectorial membrane moves what cells?

A

Hair cells

137
Q

Movement of hair cells fire action potential to travel up via what structure?

A

Cochlear branch of CN 8

138
Q

Nerve impulses from the cochlear branch of CN 8 pass to which parts of the brain?

A

Midbrain and thalamus, ending in primary auditory area of temporal lobe

139
Q

Why does the left and right temporal lobes receive impulses from both ears?

A

Auditory axons cross form both ears

140
Q

What is static equilibrium?

A

Maintenance of body position during speeding up and slowing down
“Forward and back”

141
Q

What is dynamic equilibrium?

A

Maintenance of body position during rotation
“Bring it aroooouuuunnnnd tooowwwwnnn”

142
Q

What are the receptor organs for equilibrium in the internal ear?

A

Saccule, Utricle and Semicircular ducts

143
Q

What do saccule and utricle contain?

A

Macula with hair cells and supporting cells

144
Q

What membrane sits on the macula?

A

Otolithic membrane containing otolithic crystals

145
Q

What does the otolithic membrane do in response to movement of the head?

A

Slides as head moves

146
Q

Nerve impulses originating from hair cells transfer via what branch of CN 8?

A

Vestibular branch

147
Q

What structure maintains dynamic equilibrium?

A

3 semicircular ducts located within semicircular canal

148
Q

Semicircular ducts are positioned on 3 planes to detect what?

A

Imbalance in 3 planes

149
Q

Where does the nerve impulse from the Vestibular branch of CN 8 enter on the brain?

A

Medulla or Cerebellum

150
Q

Where do the CN impulses that control eye/head/neck movement originate?

A

Medulla

151
Q

What brain structure is primarily responsible for maintaining equilibrium?

A

Cerebellum via links with the Medulla and Cerebrum

152
Q

How is equilibrium maintain?

A

Cerebellum continuously works in conjunction with the Cerebrum to make continuous adjustments to coordinate movement

HEENT (9 decks)

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