Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pediatric EOR > HEENT > Flashcards

HEENT Flashcards

1
Q

Most common etiology of viral conjunctivitis

A

Adenovirus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Most common cause of viral conjunctivitis

A

Swimming pools

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Signs/symptoms of viral conjunctivitis

A

Foreign body sensation
Erythema
Itching
Normal vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Preauricular lymphadenopathy, copious watery discharge from eyes, scanty mucoid discharge. Often bilateral

A

Viral conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Management of viral conjunctivitis

A

Supportive - cool compresses, artificial tears

Antihistamines for itching/redness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Signs/symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis

A

Conjunctival erythema paired with other allergic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Cobblestone mucosa appearance to the inner/upper eyelid, itching, tearing, redness, stringy discharge. Usually bilateral, +/- conjunctival swelling

A

Allergic conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Treatment for allergic conjunctivitis

A

Topical antihistamine: olopatadine

Topical NSAID: ketorolac

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Most common causes of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Staph aureus
Strep pneumoniae
H influenzae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Purulent discharge from eye, lid crusting, usually no vision changes

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Management of bacterial conjunctivitis

A

Topical abx - erythromycin, fluoroquinolones (moxi), sulfonamides, aminoglycosides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Management of bacterial conjunctivitis if contact lens wearer

A

Cover pseudomonas

Fluoroquinolone of aminoglycoside

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Orbital cellulitis is usually secondary to:

A

sinus infections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Orbital cellulitis most commonly occurs in:

A

children

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Decreased vision, pain with ocular movement, proptosis (bulging eye), eyelid erythema and edema

A

Orbital cellulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Diagnosis of orbital cellulitis

A

High resolution Ct scan

MRI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Management of orbital cellulitis

A

IV abx - vancomycin, clindamycin, cefotaxime

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Stable ocular alignment is not present until the age of:

A

2-3 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Convergent strabismus - deviated inward (cross eyed)

A

Esotropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Divergent strabismus - deviated outward

A

Exotropia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Diagnosis of strabismus

A

Hirschberg corneal light reflex testing - often used as a screening test
Cover/uncover test
Convergence testing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Management of strabismus

A

Patch therapy - cover normal

Corrective surgery - if severe or unresponsive to conservative therapy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

If strabismus is not treated before 2 years of age, __________ may occur

A

Amblyopia (decreased visual acuity not correctable by refractive means)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Infection of middle ear, temporal bone, and mastoid air cells. Most commonly preceded by a viral URI

A

Acute otitis media

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
4 most common organisms of acute otitis media
Strep pneumo H influenzae M catarrhalis Strep pyogenes
26
Risk factors for otitis media
``` Eustachian tube dysfunction Young (ET is wider, shorter and more horizontal) Daycare Pacifier/bottle use Parental smoking Not being breastfed ```
27
Fever, otalgia, ear tugging in infants, conductive hearing loss, stuffiness
Acute otitis media
28
Rapid relief of ear pain + otorrhea
Tympanic membrane perforation
29
Management of otitis media
1. Amoxicillin 10-14 days 2. Augmentin or Cefixime 3. If PCN allergic, erythromycin, azithromycin, bactrim
30
Management for severe, recurrent cases of otitis media
Myringotomy (surgical drainage) | Tympanostomy
31
Treatment for chronic otitis media - perforated TM + persistent or recurrent purulent otorrhea +/- pain
Topical ofloxacin or ciprofloxacin | Avoid water/moisture/topical aminoglycosides in ear when TM rupture
32
3 main types of rhinitis
Allergic Infectious Vasomotor
33
Nonallergic/noninfectious dilation of the blood vessels (ex temperature change)
Vasomotor rhinitis
34
MC infectious cause of rhinitis
Rhinovirus (common cold)
35
Sneezing, nasal congestion/itching, clear rhinorrhea Eyes, ears, nose and throat may be involved Allergic associated with nasal polyps and tends to be worse in the morning
Rhinitis
36
Pale/violaceous, boggy turbinates, nasal polyps with cobblestone mucosa of the conjunctiva
Allergic rhinitis
37
Erythematous turbinates indicates
Viral rhinitis
38
Management of viral rhinitis
Intranasal corticosteroids
39
Management of rhinitis
1. Oral antihistamines | 2. Decongestants - oral, intranasal
40
Weber: lateralizes to normal ear
Sensorineural loss
41
Weber: lateralizes to affected ear
Conductive loss
42
Most common cause of conductive hearing loss
Cerumen impaction
43
Most common cause of sensorineural hearing loss
Presbycusis
44
Inflammation of the mastoid air cells of the temporal bone
Mastoiditis
45
Etiology of mastoiditis
Usually a complication of prolonged or inadequately treated otitis media
46
Signs/symptoms of mastoiditis
1. Deep ear pain, fever | 2. Mastoid tenderness, may develop cutaneous abscess
47
Complications of mastoiditis
Hearing loss, labyrinthitis, vertigo, CN VII paralysis, brain abscess
48
Diagnosis of mastoiditis
CT scan
49
Management of mastoiditis
1. IV antibiotics + middle ear/mastoid drainage hallmark | 2. Mastoidectomy if refractory or complicated
50
Excess H2O or local trauma changes the normal acidic pH of the ear, causing bacterial overgrowth
Otitis externa
51
Most common etiology of otitis externa
Pseudomonas (MC) Proteus Staph aureus
52
1-2 days of ear pain, pruritus in the ear canal May have had recent activity of swimming Auricular discharge, pressure/fullness Hearing usually preserved
Otitis externa
53
Management of otitis externa
Protect ear against moisture Ciprofloxacin/dexamethasone Ofloxacin safe Aminoglycoside combination
54
Management of malignant otitis externa
Seen in DM and immunocompromised | IV ceftazidime or Piperacillin + fluoroquinolones
55
Acute ear pain, hearing loss, +/- bloody otorrhea, +/- tinnitus and vertigo
Tympanic membrane perforation
56
Most commonly occurs due to penetrating or noise trauma, pressure
Tympanic membrane perforation
57
Treatment for tympanic membrane perforation without infection
Most heal spontaneously | Follow up to ensure resolution
58
Most common epistaxis form
Anterior
59
Most common site of bleeding in anterior epistaxis
Kiesselbach's Plexus
60
Most common risk factors for posterior epistaxis
Hypertension and atherosclerosis
61
Most common site of bleeding in posterior epistaxis
Palatine artery
62
Management of epistaxis
1. Pressure while seated and leaning forward 2. Topical decongestants/vasoconstrictors 3. Cauterization if bleeding can be visualized 4. Nasal packing
63
Most common causes of pharyngitis
Adenovirus Rhinovirus Enterovirus GABHS for streptococcal pharyngitis
64
Signs/symptoms of pharyngitis
1. Sore throat | 2. Pain with swallowing
65
Management for viral pharyngitis
Fluids, warm saline gargles, topical anesthetics, lozenges, NSAIDs
66
Centor Criteria for Strep Throat
1. Fever > 100.4 2. Pharyngotonsillar exudates 3. Tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy 4. Absence of cough
67
Center Criteria Interpretation
Score 0-4 0-1: no abx or culture needed 2-3: throat culture 4-5: give antibiotics
68
Diagnosis of strep throat
Rapid antigen detection test | Throat culture - definitive diagnosis (gold standard)
69
Management of strep throat
Penicillin G or VK first line Amoxicillin, augmentin Macrolides if PCN allergic (azithromycin, erythromycin, clarithromycin)
70
Complications of strep throat
1. Rheumatic fever 2. Glomerulonephritis 3. Peritonsillar abscess, cellulitis
71
Inflammation of the epiglottis that may interfere with breathing (medical emergency)
Epiglottitis
72
Most common cause of epiglottitis
Haemophilus influenzae type B - reduced incidence due to Hib vaccination
73
Signs/symptoms of epiglottitis
3 D's - dysphagia, drooling, distress | Fever, odynophagia, inspiratory stridor, dyspnea, hoarseness, muffled voice, tripoding
74
Suspect in pt with rapidly developing pharyngitis, muffled voice and odynophagia out of proportion to physical findings
Epiglottitis
75
Diagnosis of epiglottitis
1. Laryngoscopy - direct visualization - cherry red epiglottis 2. Lateral cervical radiograph - thumb sign 3. If high suspicion, do not attempt to visualize the epiglottis with tongue depressor
76
Management of mild epiglottitis - no stridor at rest, no respiratory distress
Cool humidified air mist, hydration Dexamethasone provides significant relief as early as 6 hours after dose (oral or IM) Supplemental O2 in pts with sats < 92% Patients can be discharged home
77
Management of moderate epiglottitis - stridor at rest with mild to moderate retractions
Dexamethasone PO or IM + supportive treatment +/0 nebulized epinephrine Should be observed for 3-4 hours after clinical intervention May be discharged home if improvement is seen
78
Management of severe epiglottitis - stridor at rest with marked retractions
Dexamethasone + nebulized epinephrine and hospitalization
79
Causes of oral candidiasis
HIV Use of steroid inhalers without spacer Antibiotic use Diabetics
80
Diagnosis of oral candidiasis
``` White curd-like plaques (+/0 leave behind erythema/bleeds if scraped) Potassium hydroxide (KOH) smear: budding yeast/pseudohyphae ```
81
Management of oral candidiasis
Nystatin liquid tx of choice | Clotrimazole troches, oral fluconazole
82
Tonsillitis --> cellulitis --> _______________
Abscess formation - peritonsillar abscess
83
Most common causes of peritonsillar abscess
``` Strep pyogenes (GABHS) Staph aureus ```
84
Signs/symptoms of peritonsillar abscess
Dysphagia, pharyngitis Muffled "hot potato voice" Difficulty handling oral secretions, trismus Uvula deviation to the contralateral side Tonsillitis, anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
85
Diagnosis of peritonsillar abscess
CT scan first line to differentiate cellulitis vs abscess
86
Management of peritonsillar abscess
Antibiotics + aspiration or I and D Unasyn, clindamycin, penicillin G + metronidazole Tonsillectomy if recurrent

Pediatric EOR (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions