HEENT Flashcards
Special senses include?
- smell
- taste
- vision
- hearing
- equilibrium
General senses include?
- somatic
- visceral
Somatic senses include?
- tactile
- thermal
- px
- proprioceptive sensation
Visceral senses provide sensation from?
Internal organs
What are the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur?
- stimulus
- sensory receptors convert into electrical signal
- nerve pathway conducts info to the brain
- brain translates/integrates nerve impulse into sensation
What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations?
Perception
What is the decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?
Adaption
- Causes the perception to faded or disappear even though the stimulus is still present
Pain receptors are located in virtually all tissues of the body except?
The Brain
Temperatures between 10-40 degrees Celsius (50-105 degrees Fahrenheit) activate cold receptors located?
Epidermis
Temperatures between 32-48 degrees Celsius (90-118 degrees Fahrenheit) activate cold receptors located?
Dermis
What kind of px is known as acute, sharp, or pricking px?
ex: needle puncture, this px is precisly localized
Fast px
What kind of px tends to be chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing, and px is more diffuse?
Slow px
Px felt in a surface area far away from the stimulated organ is called?
Referred px
ex: px from the heart that radiates to the left arm
What is know as the kinesthetic sense or the proprioception of body movement?
Proprioception
What in the muscles informs which muscles are contracting?
Muscles spindles
What informs the amount of tension in our tendons?
Tendons organs
What in and around synovial joints, informs the position of our joints while doing work?
Joint kinesthetics
What is located in the middle ear and monitors the orientation of the head relative to the ground and positioning during movement?
Hair cells
Term for sense of taste?
Gustation
What are the 5 primary tastes?
- salt
- sweet
- bitter
- sour
- umami
Taste buds convey their impulses via what CN?
- VII
- IX
What nerve carries impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?
VII
What nerve carries impulses from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?
IX
Tears flow from?
lacrimal glands through lacrimal ducts
What are the 6 extrinsic muscles that work together to move the eye ball?
- superior and inferior rectus
- lateral and medial rectus
- superior and inferior oblique
What are the 3 layers of the eye?
- fibrous tunic
- vascular tunic
- retina
What are the two regions of the fibrous tunic?
- posterior sclera
- anterior cornea
What is the nonvascular, transparent, fibrous coat that covers the iris?
Fibrous tunic
What is know as the white of the eye and is compromised of dense connective tissue?
Sclera
What is the middle layer of the eye?
Vascular tunic
The vascular tunic is composed of what 3 portions?
- choroid
- ciliary body
- iris
What part of the eye?
-is a thin membrane that lines most of the internal surface of the sclera
-contains blood vessels that nourish the retina
-contain pigment melanin that absorb stray light rays
Choroid
What does the ciliary body consist of?
- ciliary process
- ciliary muscle
What consist of folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body whose capillaries secrete aqueous humor?
ciliary process
What muscle is a smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near and far vision?
(accommodation)
ciliary muscle
What is the circular colored portion seen through the cornea that consists of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers?
iris
What is the area of which light enters the eye, the black hole in the center of the iris?
pupil
What regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens into the posterior cavity of the eye?
iris
What focuses light rays onto the retina?
lens
What is the inner layer of the eye that lies in the posterior three-quarters of the eye and functions in image formation?
retina
What is the transparent structure that focuses light rays onto the retina contracted of many layers of elastic protein fibers?
lens
What attaches the lens to the ciliary muscles and holds the lens in place?
zonular fibers
What cavity lies anterior to the lens and is filled with watery fluid which is called the aqueous humor?
Anterior cavity
What is continuously produced by the ciliary process and helps maintain the eyes shape and holds the retina in place?
aqueous humor
What is the larger cavity of the eye that lies between the retina and the lens?
vitreous chamber
What contains a jelly like substance that maintains the eye’s shape and holds the retina in place?
vitreous chamber
What is the jelly like substance of the eye called?
vitreous chamber
What contains photopigments called rhodopsin that undergoes structural changes and starts the process leading to initiation of the nerve impulse?
Rods
What is used to see darks and shades of gray?
rods
What contains 3 different opsin that play roles in the eventual initiation of a nerve impulse?
cones
What is used to see brights and colors?
cones
Impulses from the ganglion cells are conveyed along axons through the retina to which cranial nerve?
II
What are the 3 tiny bones the extend across the middle ear? What are these bones called?
- malleus
- incus
- stapes
- auditory ossicles
What auditory ossicle touches the tympanic membrane?
malleus
What are the 2 kinds of equilibrium?
- static
- dynamic
The equilibrium pathway to the brain includes the vestibular branch of the axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve which enters the?
medulla and cerebellum
What kind of equilibrium refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity?
static
What kind of equilibrium refers to the maintenance of the body position in the response to sudden movement such as rotational acceleration or deceleration?
dynamic
What is the spiral bony canal which has the principal organ of hearing?
cochlea
What is the principal organ of hearing?
spiral organ
- rest on the basilar membrane within the cochlear duct
What duct is located at the maxillary, second molar tooth?
Parotid duct
aka Stensen duct
What duct is located at the small papilla at the side of the frenulum?
Submandibular duct
aka Wharton duct
What presents with low-set ears and large tongue faces?
Down syndrome
What is the membranous, curved cavity inside a bony labyrinth consisting of the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea?
Inner ear
What is the coiled structure containing the organ of Corti, that transmits sound impulses to CN VIII?
Cochlea
What contains the end organs for vestibular function?
Semicircular canals and vestibule
What convergence of small fragile arteries and veins, located on the anterior- superior portion of the septum?
Kiesselbach plexus
What makes up the posterior 5/6 of the globe, dense, avascular white portion of the eye?
- supports the internal structure of the eye
sclera
What makes up the anterior 1/6 of the globe?
- optically clear, rich in sensory innervation, and avascular
- major refractive power of the eye
cornea
What is an irregular shaped, yellow-tinted lesions suggestive of abnormality of lipid metabolism?
Xanthelasma lesion
Lid turned away from the eye, may be a result in excessive tearing?
Ectropion
Lid turned inward toward the globe, may cause irritation, increasing the risk of infection?
Entropion
What is an acute supportive inflammation of the follicle of an eyelash that forms and erythematmatous or yellow lump?
Hordeolum
What is crusting along the eyelashes caused by bacterial irritation?
Blepharitis
What is an abnormal growth of the conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus, common with exposure to ultraviolet light?
Pterygium
What are lipid deposits in the periphery of the cornea?
Corneal arcus
- circus sensilis
What is pupillary contraction of less than 2mm, commonly cause by ingestion of narcotics or drugs that control glaucoma?
Miosis
What is pupillary dilation of more than 6mm and failure of the pupils to contract with light?
- may indicate coma
- may be caused by eye drops
Myadriasis
Term for inequality of pupil size?
Anisocoria
Yellow or green sclera is indicative of?
liver or hemolytic disease is present
Dark or slate gray sclera is indicative of?
senile hyaline plaque
Term for defective vision or blindness in 1/2 of the visual field?
Hemianopia
Term for loss of visual fields closest to the temples?
Bitemporal hemianopia
- usually caused by a pituitary tumor, interrupts optic chiasm
Term for loss of the field of view on the same side in both eyes?
Homonymous hemianopia
- lesion arising in the optic nerve radiation on either side of the brain
What is a red bulge adjacent to the tonsil extending beyond the midline indicative of?
peritonsillar abscess
What is inflammation of the inner ear resulting in the resulting in the collection of serous, mucoid, or purulent fluid when the tympanic membrane is intact?
Otitis media with effusion
What is inflammation of the auditory canal and external surface of the tympanic membrane?
Otitis externa
What is inflammation in the middle ear, associated with a middle ear effusion that becomes infected by bacterial organisms?
Acute otitis media
Term for abnormal squamous epithelial tissue behind the tympanic membrane?
Cholesteatoma
Term for reduced transmission of sound to the middle ear?
Conductive hearing loss
Term for reduced transmission of sound in the inner ear?
Sensorial hearing loss
Term for an inner ear disorder characterized by episodes of hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus, and ear fullness?
Meniere disease
What kind of bleeds account for 90% of epistaxis?
anterior bleeds
What is the preferred method of cauterization of nasal bleeds?
Nitrate sticks
Nasal packing should be left in place for how long? patient with nasal packing also require?
- 48 hours
- oral antibiotic
Patients with nasal packing require antibiotics that cover common nasal pathogens such as?
- staphylococcus aureus
- streptococcus pneumonia
- mortadella catarrhalis
- haemophilus influenza
What is the treatment for blepharitis?
- scrub eyelid margins twice a day with a commercial eyelid scrub (Ocusoft) or baby shampoo
- warm compress 10-15min 1-2 x a day
- artificial tears
What are sebaceous glands connected to the eyelashes?
-secretions from these glands lubricate the eyelids surface.
Gland of Zeis
What are oil glands along the edge of the eyelids where the eyelashes are found?
Meibomian glands
What is an acute infection that usually involves staphylococcus species?
- external abscess of gland of Zies?
- internal abscess of meibomian gland
- painful
Hordeolum
What is a chronic focal granulomatous inflammation within the eyelid secondary to an obstruction of the meibomian or Lies gland?
Chalazion
- lipogranuloma
What is the most common cause for viral conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus
What kind of conjunctivitis presents with purulent white-yellow discharge of the mild to moderate degree?
Bacterial conjunctivitis
What kind of conjunctivitis presents with severe purulent discharge with a hyper acute onset?
- 12-24hrs
Gonococcal conjunctivitis
Treatment of a corneal abrasion for a patient without contacts?
- antibiotic ointment
- antibiotic drops
Treatment of a corneal abrasion for a patient who uses contacts?
- Fluoroquinolone
What conjunctiva coats the inside of the eyelid?
Palpebral
What conjunctiva protects the anterior surface of the eye and the surface of the eyelid in contact with the globe?
Bulbar
Surgical removal of a pterygium is only indicated when?
- threatens visual axis or acute stigmatism
- excessive irritation
- interferes with contact lens
- surgery
