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HEENT Flashcards

1
Q

Special senses include?

A
  • smell
  • taste
  • vision
  • hearing
  • equilibrium
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2
Q

General senses include?

A
  • somatic
  • visceral
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3
Q

Somatic senses include?

A
  • tactile
  • thermal
  • px
  • proprioceptive sensation
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4
Q

Visceral senses provide sensation from?

A

Internal organs

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5
Q

What are the 4 conditions that must be satisfied for a sensation to occur?

A
  1. stimulus
  2. sensory receptors convert into electrical signal
  3. nerve pathway conducts info to the brain
  4. brain translates/integrates nerve impulse into sensation
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6
Q

What is the conscious awareness and interpretation of sensations?

A

Perception

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7
Q

What is the decrease in the strength of a sensation during prolonged exposure to a stimulus?

A

Adaption
- Causes the perception to faded or disappear even though the stimulus is still present

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8
Q

Pain receptors are located in virtually all tissues of the body except?

A

The Brain

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9
Q

Temperatures between 10-40 degrees Celsius (50-105 degrees Fahrenheit) activate cold receptors located?

A

Epidermis

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10
Q

Temperatures between 32-48 degrees Celsius (90-118 degrees Fahrenheit) activate cold receptors located?

A

Dermis

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11
Q

What kind of px is known as acute, sharp, or pricking px?
ex: needle puncture, this px is precisly localized

A

Fast px

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12
Q

What kind of px tends to be chronic, aching, burning, or throbbing, and px is more diffuse?

A

Slow px

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13
Q

Px felt in a surface area far away from the stimulated organ is called?

A

Referred px
ex: px from the heart that radiates to the left arm

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14
Q

What is know as the kinesthetic sense or the proprioception of body movement?

A

Proprioception

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15
Q

What in the muscles informs which muscles are contracting?

A

Muscles spindles

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16
Q

What informs the amount of tension in our tendons?

A

Tendons organs

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17
Q

What in and around synovial joints, informs the position of our joints while doing work?

A

Joint kinesthetics

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18
Q

What is located in the middle ear and monitors the orientation of the head relative to the ground and positioning during movement?

A

Hair cells

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19
Q

Term for sense of taste?

A

Gustation

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20
Q

What are the 5 primary tastes?

A
  • salt
  • sweet
  • bitter
  • sour
  • umami
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21
Q

Taste buds convey their impulses via what CN?

A
  • VII
  • IX
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22
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue?

A

VII

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23
Q

What nerve carries impulses from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue?

A

IX

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24
Q

Tears flow from?

A

lacrimal glands through lacrimal ducts

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25
Q

What are the 6 extrinsic muscles that work together to move the eye ball?

A
  • superior and inferior rectus
  • lateral and medial rectus
  • superior and inferior oblique
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26
Q

What are the 3 layers of the eye?

A
  • fibrous tunic
  • vascular tunic
  • retina
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27
Q

What are the two regions of the fibrous tunic?

A
  • posterior sclera
  • anterior cornea
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28
Q

What is the nonvascular, transparent, fibrous coat that covers the iris?

A

Fibrous tunic

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29
Q

What is know as the white of the eye and is compromised of dense connective tissue?

A

Sclera

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30
Q

What is the middle layer of the eye?

A

Vascular tunic

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31
Q

The vascular tunic is composed of what 3 portions?

A
  • choroid
  • ciliary body
  • iris
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32
Q

What part of the eye?
-is a thin membrane that lines most of the internal surface of the sclera
-contains blood vessels that nourish the retina
-contain pigment melanin that absorb stray light rays

A

Choroid

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33
Q

What does the ciliary body consist of?

A
  • ciliary process
  • ciliary muscle
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34
Q

What consist of folds on the internal surface of the ciliary body whose capillaries secrete aqueous humor?

A

ciliary process

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35
Q

What muscle is a smooth muscle that alters the shape of the lens for near and far vision?
(accommodation)

A

ciliary muscle

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36
Q

What is the circular colored portion seen through the cornea that consists of circular and radial smooth muscle fibers?

A

iris

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37
Q

What is the area of which light enters the eye, the black hole in the center of the iris?

A

pupil

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38
Q

What regulates the amount of light that passes through the lens into the posterior cavity of the eye?

A

iris

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39
Q

What focuses light rays onto the retina?

A

lens

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40
Q

What is the inner layer of the eye that lies in the posterior three-quarters of the eye and functions in image formation?

A

retina

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41
Q

What is the transparent structure that focuses light rays onto the retina contracted of many layers of elastic protein fibers?

A

lens

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42
Q

What attaches the lens to the ciliary muscles and holds the lens in place?

A

zonular fibers

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43
Q

What cavity lies anterior to the lens and is filled with watery fluid which is called the aqueous humor?

A

Anterior cavity

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44
Q

What is continuously produced by the ciliary process and helps maintain the eyes shape and holds the retina in place?

A

aqueous humor

45
Q

What is the larger cavity of the eye that lies between the retina and the lens?

A

vitreous chamber

46
Q

What contains a jelly like substance that maintains the eye’s shape and holds the retina in place?

A

vitreous chamber

47
Q

What is the jelly like substance of the eye called?

A

vitreous chamber

48
Q

What contains photopigments called rhodopsin that undergoes structural changes and starts the process leading to initiation of the nerve impulse?

A

Rods

49
Q

What is used to see darks and shades of gray?

A

rods

50
Q

What contains 3 different opsin that play roles in the eventual initiation of a nerve impulse?

A

cones

51
Q

What is used to see brights and colors?

A

cones

52
Q

Impulses from the ganglion cells are conveyed along axons through the retina to which cranial nerve?

A

II

53
Q

What are the 3 tiny bones the extend across the middle ear? What are these bones called?

A
  1. malleus
  2. incus
  3. stapes
    - auditory ossicles
54
Q

What auditory ossicle touches the tympanic membrane?

A

malleus

55
Q

What are the 2 kinds of equilibrium?

A
  • static
  • dynamic
56
Q

The equilibrium pathway to the brain includes the vestibular branch of the axons of the vestibulocochlear nerve which enters the?

A

medulla and cerebellum

57
Q

What kind of equilibrium refers to the maintenance of the position of the body relative to the force of gravity?

A

static

58
Q

What kind of equilibrium refers to the maintenance of the body position in the response to sudden movement such as rotational acceleration or deceleration?

A

dynamic

59
Q

What is the spiral bony canal which has the principal organ of hearing?

A

cochlea

60
Q

What is the principal organ of hearing?

A

spiral organ
- rest on the basilar membrane within the cochlear duct

61
Q

What duct is located at the maxillary, second molar tooth?

A

Parotid duct
aka Stensen duct

62
Q

What duct is located at the small papilla at the side of the frenulum?

A

Submandibular duct
aka Wharton duct

63
Q

What presents with low-set ears and large tongue faces?

A

Down syndrome

64
Q

What is the membranous, curved cavity inside a bony labyrinth consisting of the vestibule, semicircular canals, and cochlea?

A

Inner ear

65
Q

What is the coiled structure containing the organ of Corti, that transmits sound impulses to CN VIII?

A

Cochlea

66
Q

What contains the end organs for vestibular function?

A

Semicircular canals and vestibule

67
Q

What convergence of small fragile arteries and veins, located on the anterior- superior portion of the septum?

A

Kiesselbach plexus

68
Q

What makes up the posterior 5/6 of the globe, dense, avascular white portion of the eye?
- supports the internal structure of the eye

A

sclera

69
Q

What makes up the anterior 1/6 of the globe?
- optically clear, rich in sensory innervation, and avascular
- major refractive power of the eye

A

cornea

70
Q

What is an irregular shaped, yellow-tinted lesions suggestive of abnormality of lipid metabolism?

A

Xanthelasma lesion

71
Q

Lid turned away from the eye, may be a result in excessive tearing?

A

Ectropion

72
Q

Lid turned inward toward the globe, may cause irritation, increasing the risk of infection?

A

Entropion

73
Q

What is an acute supportive inflammation of the follicle of an eyelash that forms and erythematmatous or yellow lump?

A

Hordeolum

74
Q

What is crusting along the eyelashes caused by bacterial irritation?

A

Blepharitis

75
Q

What is an abnormal growth of the conjunctiva that extends over the cornea from the limbus, common with exposure to ultraviolet light?

A

Pterygium

76
Q

What are lipid deposits in the periphery of the cornea?

A

Corneal arcus
- circus sensilis

77
Q

What is pupillary contraction of less than 2mm, commonly cause by ingestion of narcotics or drugs that control glaucoma?

A

Miosis

78
Q

What is pupillary dilation of more than 6mm and failure of the pupils to contract with light?
- may indicate coma
- may be caused by eye drops

A

Myadriasis

79
Q

Term for inequality of pupil size?

A

Anisocoria

80
Q

Yellow or green sclera is indicative of?

A

liver or hemolytic disease is present

81
Q

Dark or slate gray sclera is indicative of?

A

senile hyaline plaque

82
Q

Term for defective vision or blindness in 1/2 of the visual field?

A

Hemianopia

83
Q

Term for loss of visual fields closest to the temples?

A

Bitemporal hemianopia
- usually caused by a pituitary tumor, interrupts optic chiasm

84
Q

Term for loss of the field of view on the same side in both eyes?

A

Homonymous hemianopia
- lesion arising in the optic nerve radiation on either side of the brain

85
Q

What is a red bulge adjacent to the tonsil extending beyond the midline indicative of?

A

peritonsillar abscess

86
Q

What is inflammation of the inner ear resulting in the resulting in the collection of serous, mucoid, or purulent fluid when the tympanic membrane is intact?

A

Otitis media with effusion

87
Q

What is inflammation of the auditory canal and external surface of the tympanic membrane?

A

Otitis externa

88
Q

What is inflammation in the middle ear, associated with a middle ear effusion that becomes infected by bacterial organisms?

A

Acute otitis media

89
Q

Term for abnormal squamous epithelial tissue behind the tympanic membrane?

A

Cholesteatoma

90
Q

Term for reduced transmission of sound to the middle ear?

A

Conductive hearing loss

91
Q

Term for reduced transmission of sound in the inner ear?

A

Sensorial hearing loss

92
Q

Term for an inner ear disorder characterized by episodes of hearing loss, vertigo, tinnitus, and ear fullness?

A

Meniere disease

93
Q

What kind of bleeds account for 90% of epistaxis?

A

anterior bleeds

94
Q

What is the preferred method of cauterization of nasal bleeds?

A

Nitrate sticks

95
Q

Nasal packing should be left in place for how long? patient with nasal packing also require?

A
  • 48 hours
  • oral antibiotic
96
Q

Patients with nasal packing require antibiotics that cover common nasal pathogens such as?

A
  • staphylococcus aureus
  • streptococcus pneumonia
  • mortadella catarrhalis
  • haemophilus influenza
97
Q

What is the treatment for blepharitis?

A
  • scrub eyelid margins twice a day with a commercial eyelid scrub (Ocusoft) or baby shampoo
  • warm compress 10-15min 1-2 x a day
  • artificial tears
98
Q

What are sebaceous glands connected to the eyelashes?
-secretions from these glands lubricate the eyelids surface.

A

Gland of Zeis

99
Q

What are oil glands along the edge of the eyelids where the eyelashes are found?

A

Meibomian glands

100
Q

What is an acute infection that usually involves staphylococcus species?
- external abscess of gland of Zies?
- internal abscess of meibomian gland
- painful

A

Hordeolum

101
Q

What is a chronic focal granulomatous inflammation within the eyelid secondary to an obstruction of the meibomian or Lies gland?

A

Chalazion
- lipogranuloma

102
Q

What is the most common cause for viral conjunctivitis?

A

Adenovirus

103
Q

What kind of conjunctivitis presents with purulent white-yellow discharge of the mild to moderate degree?

A

Bacterial conjunctivitis

104
Q

What kind of conjunctivitis presents with severe purulent discharge with a hyper acute onset?
- 12-24hrs

A

Gonococcal conjunctivitis

105
Q

Treatment of a corneal abrasion for a patient without contacts?

A
  • antibiotic ointment
  • antibiotic drops
106
Q

Treatment of a corneal abrasion for a patient who uses contacts?

A
  • Fluoroquinolone
107
Q

What conjunctiva coats the inside of the eyelid?

A

Palpebral

108
Q

What conjunctiva protects the anterior surface of the eye and the surface of the eyelid in contact with the globe?

A

Bulbar

109
Q

Surgical removal of a pterygium is only indicated when?

A
  • threatens visual axis or acute stigmatism
  • excessive irritation
  • interferes with contact lens
  • surgery

HEENT (2 decks)

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