Hedging Flashcards
FX Future - Set up Hedge
- If $ receipt -> want to sell $ so buy £ future
- Choose Maturity date -> close to receipt date but not before
- No of contracts = ($ receipt/payment / Futures Rate) / £62,500
FX Future - Outcome of Hedge
Gain/loss = (Sell rate - Buy rate) x No of contracts x £62,500
Convert at spot rate with receipt/payment
FX Future - Advantages
- Hedge downside risk
- Can close out position at any time
FX Future - Disadvantages
- Loses upside potential
- Standardised contracts so can over/under hedge
- Basis risk
Money Market Hedge - $ Payment
Deposit $ - earn interest
Convert at spot
Borrow in £
Pay loan - pay interest
Money Market Hedge - $ Receipt
Borrow $ - pay interest
Convert at spot
Deposit in £
Take deposit - earn interest
Money Market Hedge - Advantages
- Hedges downside risk
- Tailored to investment - wont over/under hedge
Money Market Hedge - Disadvantages
- Loses any upside potential
- Difficult to unwind
- Unlikely cheaper and greater admin
Traded Currency Option - Set up Hedge
- If $ receipt we want to sell $ and buy £ so buy call option
- Choose strike price and maturity date
- No of contracts = ($ receipt/ strike price)/£31,250
- Pay premium $ = no of contracts * prem(cent)/100 x £31,250
- Convert premium at spot
Traded Currency Option - Outcome of Hedge
Gain on option = (Spot-Strike) x no of contracts x £31,250
Convert at spot rate
If dollar strengthens let option lapse
Traded Currency Option - Advantages
- Protects from downside risk
- Benefit from upside potential as can let it lapse
Traded Currency Option - Disadvantages
- Premium can be expensive
- May over/under hedge
- Not available in all currencies
OTC Currency Options - Set up the Hedge
- If $ receipt we will want to sell $ so have to buy a put option
- Choose strike price
- Pay premium £ upfront
OTC Currency Options - Outcome of Hedge
If dollar weakens than exercise option and covert at strike
If dollar strengthens then let option lapse and convert at spot
OTC Currency Options - Advantages
- Protects from downside risk
- Benefits from upside potential
OTC Currency Options - Disadvantages
- Premium can be expensive and needs to be paid upfront
Index Future - Set up the Hedge
- Sell index futures
- Choose futures date (based on when want to hedge)
- Note futures price
- No of future contracts = Share portfolio value / (futures level x £10)
Index Future - Outcome of Hedge
Gain/loss on futures = (Futures at start - current futures) x no of contracts x £10
Calculate gain/loss on portfolio
Index Future - Advantages
- Hedges downside risk
- Can close out futures at any time
Index Future - Disadvantages
- Standardised contracts - can over/under hedge
- Removes any upside potential
- Basis risk
Share Index Options - Set up Hedge
- Buy put index options
- Choose strike price and maturity date
- Calculate number of contracts = Share portfolio value / (strike price x £10)
- Pay premium = points x £10 x no of contracts
Share Index Options - Outcome of Hedge
Gain on option = (Strike level - current spot index level) x no of contracts x £10
Calculate gain/loss on portfolio
Deduct premium
Share Index Options - Advantages
- Protects from downside risk and allows benefit from upside
Share Index Options - Disadvantages
- Standardised contracts - may over/under hedge
- Premium can be expensive
Interest Forward Rate Agreements - Set up Hedge
Decide FRA term - e.g 3-6 FRA means starts in 3 months lasts 3 months
Buy FRA (if borrowing in future)
Interest Forward Rate Agreements - Outcome of Hedge
Net settlement on the FRA = (Spot rate - FRA rate) x nominal value x time/12
Borrow money from bank at spot rate
Interest Forward Rate Agreements - Advantages
- Hedges away downside risk
- Tailored to investment
Interest Forward Rate Agreements - Disadvantages
- Usually only available on loans > £500k
- Usually < 1 year
- Removes upside potential
- Difficult to exit
Interest Rate Futures - Set up Hedge
- Futures rate = 100-r (where r = fixed interest rate)
- Sell futures (if borrowing)
- Choose Maturity date
- No of contracts = (Borrowing value / £500k) x (Borrowing period / 3)
Interest Rate Futures - Outcome of Hedge
Gain/loss on futures = ((Sell price - Buy price)/100) x no of contracts x £500k x 3/12
Borrow money from bank at spot rate
Interest Rate Futures - Advantages
- Hedges away from downside risk
- Can close out position at any time
Interest Rate Futures - Disadvantages
- Removes any upside potential
- Standardised contracts - may over/under hedge
- Basis risk
Interest Rate Options - Set up Hedge
- Buy put option (if borrowing)
- Choose strike price
- Choose maturity date
- No of contracts = (borrowing value/£500k) x (borrowing period / 3)
- Pay premium = no of contracts x £500k x premium % x 3/12
Interest Rate Options - Outcome of Hedge
If exercise option:
Sell futures at strike
gain on future = ((sell price - buy price)/100) x no of contract x £500k x 3/12
Borrow money at spot rate
Interest Rate Options - Advantages
- Protects from downside risk
- Benefit from upside
Interest Rate Options - Disadvantages
- Premium can be expensive
- May over/under hedge
- Basis risk
Interest Rate Swaps - Advantages
- Can either provide fixed or floating interest
- Can be longer term than FRAs/ futures / options
- Can be used to achieve lower borrowing costs
Interest Rate Swaps - Disadvantages
- If swap for fixed interest you lose upside of variable
- If swap for variable than risk them raising
- Risk that counterparty defaults
- The swap can make the accounts look misleading
Interest Rate Parity (IRP)
Uses nominal interest rates from two countries and spot exchange rate to:
Determine a fair forward exchange rate
Predict the future expected spot rate
IRP formula
Spot rate x ((1+ if)/ (1+iuk)) = forward rate
If = overseas nominal interest
Iuk = uk nominal interest
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
That a basket of goods in one country will cost the same no matter where it is traded
PPP Formula
Spot rate x ((1 + hf) / (1 + huk)) = expected future spot rate
Hf = overseas inflation rate
Huk = Uk inflation rate
PPP Formula
Spot rate x ((1 + hf) / (1 + huk)) = expected future spot rate
Hf = overseas inflation rate
Huk = Uk inflation rate