Heckert and Heckert (pp. 25-39) Flashcards
What is the problem with deviance?
It is culturally, socioeconomically, geographically, and temporally relative- a universal list of deviant traits is not possible.
What idea did Tittle and Paternoster present on deviance?
A typology of deviance by looking at the norms of a particular group, at one time, in one place: Used middle class Americans in the year 2000.
What are some examples from Tittle and Paternosters typology?
Ex) Norm: Loyalty. Violation: Apostasy. Example: Treason
Norm: Privacy. Violation: Intrustion. Example: Theft
Norm: Moderation. Violation: Hedonism. Example: Overeating
What are 2 perspectives on deviance?
Normative, and reactivist (relativist).
What is the normative perspective, and when is it correct?
Merton, 1966. Deviance is the objective study of people’s violation of social norms (based on expectation of non-conformity or under conformity with societal norms)-works best in one time, one place, studying one group of people.
What is the reactivist (relativist) perspective and when is it correct?
Becker, 1963. Deviance is the subjective reaction of a social audience-an audience’s negative and positive evaluation create what becomes a norm and what doesn’t. This theory works across time and space.
What is the problem of positive deviance?
Over-conformity of norms also exists- an example is the altruism graph, where selfishness would be deviant, most of us would fall in the middle, but pure selflessness falls at another end.
Can over-conformity ever generate negative societal reponses?
Yes. On the contrary, negative deviance can also receive positive reactions from society (ex: Jessie James, John Gotti, Che Guevara).
What are the 4 analytical types of deviance according to Heckert and Heckert (2004)?
Negative deviance: Negative societal evaluation+ Under conformity/nonconformity
Rate Busting: Negative evaluation+over conformity
Deviancy Admiration: Positive evaluation+ underconformity/ nonconformity
Positive Deviance: Overconformity that generates positive evaluations.
What are some examples of the 4 types of deviance?
Negative- Norm: Group Loyalty. Negative deviance: Apostasy (betraying national secrets, revolution).
Rate Busting- Norm: Group Loyalty. Rate Busting: Fanaticism (Cults, Aryan nation, fanatical religious groups)
Deviancy Admiration- Norm: Group Loyalty. Deviancy Admiration-Rebellion (James Dean, American Revolution).
Positive- Norm: Group Loyalty. Positive deviance: Altuism (martyrs, Kamikaze pilots, daring rescues).
Why is Heckert and Heckerts Paper important?
It provides a dialectical solution to 2 opposing theoretical perspectives on deviance.
Why are evaluations of Deviance so confusing?
Because it is said that people in power decide what is deviant and what isn’t-however power can change, therefore norms can change.
