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Part One: The End of the Post War Consensus > Heath's Government > Flashcards

Heath's Government Flashcards

Info that is on the specification

1
Q

What were the reasons for the 1970 Labour loss that helped Heath’s government come into power?

A
  • Enoch Powell’s anti-immigration ‘Rivers of Blood’ speech
  • Internal Labour Divisions
  • Struggling economy under Wilson
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2
Q

What was Heath like as a leader?

A
  • had a clear and detailed programme of policies for the modernisation of Britain
  • familiar with the issues surrounding the EEC as he was the chief negotiator
  • first state school conservative leader - appeals to the regular British person
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3
Q

What were Heath’s aims?

A
  • tax reform
  • better law & order
  • reforms to trade unions
  • immigration controls
  • cuts to public spending
  • end of lame duck industries
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4
Q

What was Heath’s goal for Britain?

A

For Britain to be the heart of a unified Europe

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5
Q

What was the conference that took place before the 1970 general election?

A

Selsdon Park Conference

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6
Q

What was the purpose of the Selsdon Park Conference?

A

to lay out and produce the Conservative manifesto

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7
Q

What was the event that triggered economic struggle at the very beginning of Heath’s 1970 win?

A

Death of the Chancellor of the Exchequer - Ian McLeod

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8
Q

Who replaced McLeod as Chancellor?

A

Anthony Barber

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9
Q

What was the economic crisis caused by Barber?

A

The Barber Boom

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10
Q

What are the key aspects of the Barber Boom?

A
  • cuts to public spending
  • tax cuts (to encourage investment)
  • rise in inflation
  • increased unemployment
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11
Q

What is the key term that links to the barber boom?

A

Stagflation - when inflation and unemployment are both increasing

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12
Q

What change did Heath bring in order to align British currency with others in Europe?

A

decimalisation - pence in the pound is worth 100 rather than 144

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13
Q

What type of turn did Heath take on his policies?

A

U-turn

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14
Q

What did Heath initially promise in the manifesto in regards to subsidiys?

A
  • end lame duck industries (cannot run without gov funding)
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15
Q

What were causes for the U-turn?

A
  • unemployment reaching nearly 1 million
  • felt compelled to take action as it preserved thousands of jobs
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16
Q

What are some example of the U-turn?

A
  • nationalisation of largest manufactures Rolls Royce (on verge of bankruptcy)
  • Upper Clyde Shipbuilders saved from collapse
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17
Q

What positive effect did the U-turn have on employment?

A

1971 - reached nearly one million
1973 - reached 500,000 (modernising halved unemployment)

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18
Q

What was the raw material that the industrial crisis was based on?

A

oil

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19
Q

What was the trigger for the oil crisis?

A

1973 Yom Kippur War in the Middle East

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20
Q

What did the Yom Kippur War prompt?

A

the OPEC to declare and oil embargo

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21
Q

What is the OPEC?

A

Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries

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22
Q

What was the effect of the oil embargo?

A
  • oil exports stopped
  • price of oil 4x usual levels
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23
Q

What is the OPEC oil crisis a trigger for?

A

NUM pay rise demands

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24
Q

What is the NUM?

A

National Union of Miners

25
Q

What were some industrial disputes that took place before the miners’ strike?

A
  • dockers’ strike
  • postal workers’ strike
  • ‘go-slow’ strike by power workers = power cuts
26
Q

What did Heath do as a response to the increased strike action?

A
  • Introduced the Industrial Relations Act
    Abolished the National Board for Prices and Incomes
27
Q

What did the Industrial Relations Act do?

A
  • ballots needed in order for an official strike to take place
  • a 60 day ‘cooling-off’ period before official strikes
28
Q

What were the reactions like to the Industrial Relations Act?

A
  • strong opposition from the TUC
  • major strikes
  • most working days lost since 1926 (23.9 million)
29
Q

Who are the TUC?

A

Trade Unions Congress

30
Q

What was the major strike of 1972?

A

The Yorkshire Miners’ Strike led by Arthur Scargill

31
Q

What were the effects of the Yorkshire Miners’ Strike?

A
  • virtually stopped the movement of coal
  • schools were closed
  • 1.2 million workers were laid off
32
Q

How did Heath attempt to appease the unions after the Yorkshire Miners’ Strike?

A

Introduced the 1972 Industry Act

33
Q

What were the aims of the industry act?

A

aimed to involve the government, TUC, and CBI in agreeing wages, prices, investments, and benefits

34
Q

Why did the Industry Act fail?

A

The 1973 Oil crisis meant that miners’ had increased wage demands despite the agreement

35
Q
A
36
Q

What did the Miners do in order to strengthen their wage increase demands in 1973?

A

an overtime ban

37
Q

How did Heath react to the miners’ strike?

A
  • declared a state of emergency
  • announced a three day week
38
Q

When was the national Miners’ Strike?

A

1974 - after refusing Heath’s suggestions of a small (not large enough) wage increase

39
Q

What did Heath do in 1974?

A

call a general election

40
Q

Why was Heath calling a general election a bad thing for Conservative leadership?

A

constant striking brought down the government

41
Q

What was the grounds for the 1974 election?

A

Who governs Britain?

42
Q

What was the result of the 1974 election?

A
  • no party had a majority
  • hung parliament
43
Q

Where did a lot of Heath’s problems stem from?

A

Northern Ireland

44
Q

What are those in NI who wished to be apart of the UK named?

A

Unionists/ loyalists

45
Q

What are those in NI who did not wish to be apart of the UK named?

A

nationalists

46
Q

What type of violence did the Conservative government inherit?

A

Seecretarian - religious violence

47
Q

What party did Heath initially support?

A

The UUP - Ulster Unionists Party

48
Q

What were some of the policies of the UUP?

A
  • internment (imprisoned without trial)
  • a 10:30pm curfew
49
Q

What was the reaction to internment?

A
  • ineffective as security measures
  • alienated nationalists
50
Q

What group supported internment?

A

IRA - said it was the ‘best recruitment tool they ever had’

51
Q

What did the controversial measures in NI cause for the British army?

A

regarded as the enemy - worsened by Bloody Sunday

52
Q

What were the effects of Bloody Sunday?

A
  • British embassy burnt down
  • IRA support grew
  • direct rule introduced
53
Q

What is the agreement brought in by 1973?

A

Sunningdale Agreement

54
Q

What was the purpose of the Sunningdale Agreement?

A

a complex method of power sharing government

55
Q

What did the Sunningdale Agreement propose?

A
  • Northern Irish Assembly - proportional representation
  • nationalists and unionists working together
56
Q

What was the reaction to the Sunningdale Agreement?

A

extremists denounced the agreement

57
Q

Why did Heath’s policies in Northern Ireland fail?

A
  • lack of public support
  • problems in Britain
  • extremist groups (IRA)
  • British army
  • party divisions
58
Q

Overall what were Heath’s successes?

A
  • entered the EEC (1973)
  • through gov investments into modernisation unemployment was halved
  • ending of lame duck industries
59
Q

Overall what were Heath’s failures?

A
  • Miners’ Strikes
  • Northern Ireland conflicts
  • U-turn
  • continued economic issues (inflation)

Part One: The End of the Post War Consensus (6 decks)

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