Heat Processes Flashcards
Name all the different states of matter.
Solid, Liquid, Gas and Plasma - 4 different states of matter
What’s the main purpose of the kinetic particle model?
It’s used to explain how the properties of matter change in different states through kinetic energy.
Describe the kinetic particle model of matter for a solid - with particle motion.
In a solid, the kinetic energy is low enough that the intermolecular forces keep the particle bonded together. These particles are usually vibrating or oscillating in a relatively fixed position.
Describe the kinetic particle model of matter for a liquid - with particle motion.
Particles have more kinetic energy than solids, enough that their bonds are loosely binded together. The particles slide over one another.
Describe the kinetic particle model of matter for a gas - with particle motion.
The average kinetic energy of the particles is large enough that the particles can break free from the bonds holding each particle together. The particles are free to move in any direction.
What are the 3 assumptions that make the kinetic particle model?
- All matter is made up of small particles that move in constant motion - KE.
- Collision between particles are perfectly elastic; - kinetic energy is conserved - none is lost.
- Particles move freely and only interact when they collide.
List some different forms of energy and the SI unit of measurement.
Heat, Light, Electrical, Gravitational, Sound and Magnetic
SI unit of measurement is (J) - Joules
What are the three types of kinetic energy (energy of motion)?
Translation - When an object moves from one place to another in a straight or curved path (car driving)
Rotation - When an object spins around a central point or axis (earth’s rotation)
Vibration - When an object moves back and forth rapidly in place (guitar strings)
What is potential energy?
Potential energy is the stored energy in matter due to the intermolecular forces between particles. It changes when a substance melts, freezes, or boils (it either releases or stores more).
3 E.G. - Elastic, Gravitational and Chemical PE
What is Internal Energy (U)?
Internal energy (U) of a substance is the sum of the kinetic energy of the particles and the potential energy stored in their bonds (
𝑈= 𝐸k + Ep)
If solid is heated - temp increases causing (U) to increase.
What happens when a solid reaches melting point - describe in terms of kinetic and potential energy?
When the particles in solid phase reach melting point there is a phase change. At this point there is no increase in kinetic energy but the input energy is used to increase the potential energy which enable the particles to get further apart (UNDERSTAND AND ASK GPT).
What is the relationship between average kinetic energy and temperatue?
Temperature has a direct relationship to the average kinetic energy of the particles so the greater the temperature, the greater the average kinetic energy and therefore the more internal energy.
What is thermal equilibrium?
Thermal equilibrium exists between two objects when they are at the same temperature and there is no heat flow between them. This occurs because heat transfers from hotter to cooler objects, if both are the exact same temperature, there is no heat transfer (drink cools down to room temperature).
What is the difference between heat and temperature?
Temperature is the measure of heat while heat refers to the transfer of energy which generally results in the increase in kinetic energy. Heat is not a measure of kinetic energy only the quantity of energy being transferred.
What are the 3 different types of heat transfer?
-Conduction
-Convection
-Radiation
What is conduction?
Conduction is how heat moves through a solid or between objects in direct contact. Hotter particles move faster and collide with cooler, slower particles. This transfers kinetic energy, making the cooler object warmer and the hotter object cooler. Heat keeps transferring until both objects reach the same temperature (thermal equilibrium).
What is convection?
Convection is how heat moves through liquids and gases by the movement of particles. Hot fluid rises because it becomes less dense (particles spread out). Cool fluid sinks because it is denser (particles come closer). This creates a convection current (loop), moving heat through the fluid.
What is radiation?
Radiation is how heat or energy moves without needing particles (a medium like air or water). Instead, it travels as electromagnetic waves (like light).
It doesn’t need a medium and can travel through empty space. (Sunlight and microwave)
