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Cardiology > Heart Sounds, Murmurs and JVP > Flashcards

Heart Sounds, Murmurs and JVP Flashcards

1
Q

Holosystolic (Timing)

Heart Murmurs

A
  • MR
  • TR
  • VSD
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2
Q 
Early systolic (Timing)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

AS

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3
Q 
Late systolic (Timing)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

MVP

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4
Q

Immediate or early diastolic (Timing)

Heart Murmurs

A

AR

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5
Q 
Late diastolic (Timing)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

MS

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6
Q

Continuous (Timing)

Heart Murmurs

A

PDA

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7
Q

High pitched “blowing murmur” (Pitch)

Heart Murmurs

A
  • MR
  • TR
  • AR (decrescendo)
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8
Q

Crescendo-decrescendo (Pitch)

Heart Murmurs

A

AS

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9
Q

Harsh-sounding murmur (Pitch)

Heart Murmurs

A

VSD

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10
Q

Crescendo (Pitch)

Heart Murmurs

A

MVP

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11
Q 
Rumbling murmur (Pitch)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

MS

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12
Q

Machine-like (Pitch)

Heart Murmurs

A

PDA

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13
Q 
Ejection click (Associated sound)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

AS

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14
Q 
Midsystolic click (Associated sound)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

MVP

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15
Q 
Opening snap (Associated sound)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

MS

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16
Q 
At apex (Where is loudest)
(Heart Murmurs)
A
  • MR

- MVP

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17
Q

At tricuspid area (Where is loudest)

Heart Murmurs

A
  • TR

- VSD

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18
Q

At left infraclavicular area (Where is loudest)

Heart Murmurs

A

PDA

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19
Q 
At S2 (When is loudest)
(Heart Murmurs)
A
  • MVP

- PDA

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20
Q

Axilla (Radiation)

Heart Murmurs

A

MR

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21
Q

Right sternal border (Radiation)

Heart Murmurs

A

TR

22
Q

Carotids/heart base (Radiation)

Heart Murmurs

A

AS

23
Q

Pulsus parvus et tardus (Associated physical sings)

Heart Murmurs

A

AS

24
Q

Bounding pulses and head bobbing (Associated physical sings)

Heart Murmurs

A

AR

25
Q

IHD, MVP, LV dilation, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis (Causes)
(Heart Murmurs)

A

MR

26
Q

RV dilation, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis (Causes)
(Heart Murmurs)

A

TR

27
Q

Age related calcification or bicuspid valve (Causes)

Heart Murmurs

A

AS

28
Q

Myxomatous degeneration, rheumatic fever, chordae rupture (Causes)
(Heart Murmurs)

A

MVP

29
Q

Aortic root dilation, bicuspid valve, rheumatic fever, infective endocarditis (Causes)
(Heart Murmurs)

A

AR

30
Q 
Rheumatic fever (Causes)
(Heart Murmurs)
A

MS

31
Q

Congenital rubella, prematurity (Causes)

Heart Murmurs

A

PDA

32
Q

Inspiration (Effects on heart sounds and murmurs)

Maneuver

A

Increase intensity of right heart sounds

33
Q

Expiration (Effects on heart sounds and murmurs)

Maneuver

A

Increase intensity of left heart sounds

34
Q 
Hand grip (increase systemic vascular resistance; thereby decrease left ventricular emptying [fuller LV]) (Effects on heart sounds and murmurs)
(Maneuver)
A
  • Increase intensity of MR, AR, and VSD murmurs

- Decrease intensity of AS, MVP and HOCM systolic murmurs

35
Q

Valsalva or Standing (decrease venous return [diuretic effect]) (Effects on heart sounds and murmurs)
(Maneuver)

A
  • Decrease intensity of most heart murmurs

- Increase intensity of MVP and HCOM systolic murmurs

36
Q 
Rapid squatting (increase venous return and preload, increase afterload with prolonged squatting) (Effects on heart sounds and murmurs)
(Maneuver)
A

Decrease intensity of MVP and HCOM systolic murmurs

37
Q

Wide splitting of heart sounds (Causes)

Heart Sounds

A
  • Pulmonic stenosis

- RBBB

38
Q

Fixed splitting of heart sounds (Causes)

Heart Sounds

A

ASD

39
Q

Paradoxical splitting of heart sounds (Causes)

Heart Sounds

A
  • AS

- LBBB

40
Q

Elevated JVP

Causes

A
  • Congestive heart failure
  • Cor pulmonale
  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Right ventricular infarction
  • Tricuspid valve disease
  • Cardiac tamponade
  • Constrictive pericarditis
  • Hypertrophic/restrictive cardiomyopathy
  • Superior vena cava obstruction
  • Iatrogenic fluid overload, particularly in surgical and renal patients
41
Q

Elevated JVP with absent pulsation (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Superior vena cava syndrome

42
Q

Large ‘a’ wave (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Increased atrial contraction pressure

  • Tricuspid valve stenosis
  • Right heart failure
  • Pulmonary hyper tension
43
Q

Cannon ‘a’ wave (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Atrial contraction against closed tricuspid valve

  • Atrial flutter
  • Premature atrial rhythm (tachycardia)
  • Third degree heart block
  • Ventricular ectopics
  • Ventricular tachycardia
44
Q

Absent ‘a’ wave (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Atrial fibrillation

45
Q

Large ‘v’ wave (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

46
Q

Absent ‘x’ descent (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

47
Q

Prominent ‘x’ descent (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Constrictive pericarditis

48
Q

Prominent ‘y’ descent (JVP waves)

Causes

A

Constrictive pericarditis

49
Q 
Paradoxical JVP (Kussmaul's sign)
(Causes)
A
  • Pericardial effusion
  • Constrictive pericarditis
  • Pericardial tamponade
50
Q

Amyl nitrate (direct arteriolar vasodilator [increase LV emptying])
(Effects on heart sounds and murmurs)
(Maneuver)

A
  • Decreases AR, MR, and VSD murmurs

- Increases AS, MVP and HCOM systolic murmurs

Cardiology (8 decks)

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