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anatomy - cardio resp > heart, SA and chambers > Flashcards

heart, SA and chambers Flashcards

1
Q

what is the angle of louis in relation to the mediastinum?

A
  • formed by the junction of the manubrium (upper part of sternum) and the body of the sternum (lower part)
  • located typically at the level of the 2nd rib and the IV disc between T4 and T5
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2
Q

What does the anterior mediastinum contain?

A

-contains no major structures
-thymus gland - seen in children in surgery but seen as more fibrotic tissue in adults
-fat
-lymphatic vessels and lymph nodes

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3
Q

what are the subdivisions of the mediastinum?

A
  • superior mediastinum
  • inferior mediastinum - which is divided into 3 further parts - anterior, middle and posterior
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4
Q

what does the middle mediastinum contain?

A
  • largest subdivision of the inferior mediastinum
    -contains the heart and its pericardium
    -contains the tracheal bifurcation into the left and right bronchi
    -associated with the origins of the ascending aorta, pulmonary trunk, superior vena cava
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5
Q

what is the pericardium?

A

a double walled membrane that surrounds the heart

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6
Q

what are the roles / functions of the pericardium?

A

-protection
-prevention of overstretching
-lubrication - the pericardial fluid in the pericardial cavity reduces friction between the layers allowing heart to move smoothly during contractions

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7
Q

what are the 2 layers of the pericardium?

A
  1. fibrous layer - tough fibrous sac that provides protection to the heart and anchors it to the chest cavity
  2. serous pericaridum - inner layer, more delicate and thin - produces a lubricating liquid called pericardial fluid
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8
Q

what 2 layers is the serous pericardium divided into?

A
  • parietal layer -llines the fibrous pericardium
    -visceral layer (epicardium) - close to the surface of the heart
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9
Q

what is the fibrous pericardium attached to?

A
  • great vessels
    -central tendon of diaphragm
    -sternum - sternopericardial ligament
    -parietal layer of serous pericardium
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10
Q

what is the pericardial cavity?

A

space within the pericardium between the parietal and visceral layer of the serous pericardium

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11
Q

what does the pericardial cavity contain and why?

A

-pericardial fluid
-this helps to facilitate gliding mats - beating of the heart

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12
Q

what are the pericardial sinuses?

A

-spaces within the pericardial cavity - there are 2 main ones
- these are the transverse pericardial sinus and the oblique pericardial sinus

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13
Q

Describe the great vessels of the heart

A

-major blood vessels that are connected to the heart
1. aorta - originates from LV, largest artery in body
2. pulmonary artery- originates from right ventricle, carries de ox blood from heart to lungs
3. superior vena cava - large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from upper part of body (head, neck,arms ) to right atrium of heart
4. inferior vena cava- large vein that brings deoxygenated blood from lower part of body (trunk, abdomen and legs) to right atrium of heart
5. pulmonary veins - 4 in total , 2 from each long, carry ox blood from lungs to left atrium of heart

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14
Q

what are the pericardial vessels and nerves?

A
  • vessels and nerves that are associated with the pericardium - they contribute to the vascular supply and innervation of the pericardium
  • eg pericardiophrenic arteries arising from the internal thoracic arteries, phrenic nerves (sensory info to pericardium)
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15
Q

What does the phrenic nerve innervate?

A

-mixed nerve
-motor innervation to the diaphragm
-sensory info to pericardium

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16
Q

what are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A

-right atrium
-right ventricle
-left atrium
-left ventricle

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17
Q

Describe the right atrium

A
  • right atrium receives does blood from the superior and inferior vena cavae
  • it forms the right border of the heart
    -there is a right auricle (muscular pouch) attached to it
    -inferior can be divided into 2 parts which are separated by the muscular ridge called the crista terminals
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18
Q

what are the 2 divisions of the right atrium?

A

-sinus venarum - located posterior to the crista terminals - this part receives blood from both vena cave
-atrium proper - located anterior to the crista terminals and includes the right auricle- rough muscular walls

19
Q

what is the function of the auricles attached to the atrium?

A

they act to increase the capacity of the atrium

20
Q

what is the interatrial septum?

A

-solid muscular wall that separates the right and left atria

21
Q

what is the septal wall in the right atrium marked by?

A

a small oval shaped depression called the fossa ovalis - the remnant of the foramen vale in the feral heart

22
Q

describe the left atrium

A

-LA receives ox blood from the 4 pulmonary veins and pumps it through to the LV
-LA forms the base of the heart and also contains a left auricle

23
Q

Describe the right ventricle

A
  • receives does blood from the RA and pumps it into the pulmonary artery
    -divided into an inflow and outflow portion - which is separated by a muscular ridge called the supraventricular crest
24
Q

what are the series of irregular muscular elevations in the RV called?

A

trabeculae carnae

25
Q

what are the papillary muscles?

A

-small muscles located within the ventricles of the heart
- important for the functioning of the av valves - mitral and tricuspid valves
-they are connected to the chord tendinae

26
Q

what happens when the papillary muscles contract?

A
  • they pull on the chord tendineae
27
Q

what is the inter ventricular septum?

A

a septum that separates the 2 ventricles

28
Q

what is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

-They attach to the cusps of the atrioventricular valves via the chordae tendineae and contract to prevent inversion or prolapse of these valves during ventricular contraction

29
Q

describe the LV

A

-receives ox blood from the LA and pumps it into the aorta
-lV forms the apex of the heart and the left and diaphragmatic borders
-also divided into an inflow and outflow portion like the RV

30
Q

how many papillary muscles are in there in the RV and LV & what do they attach to?

A

-RV - 3 papillary muscles - attach onto the cusps of the tricuspid valve
-LV - 2 papillary muscles - attach onto the cusps of the mitral valve

31
Q

what is the apex beat?

A

the lowest and most lateral point on the chest wall where you can feel the heart beating
-5th left intercostal space

32
Q

what is an atrial septal defect?

A

hole in the wall between the 2 atria
congenital - born with it

33
Q

what is a ventricular septal defect

A

-hole in the wall between the 2 ventricles
- congenital

34
Q

what are the branches of the aortic arch?

A

-brachiocephalic trunk
-left common carotid artery
-left subclavian artery

35
Q

what is the aortic arch?

A

a curved or arched segment of the aorta

36
Q

what does the brachiocephalic trunk divide into?

A
  • the right common carotid artery
    -right subclavian artery
37
Q

what are the valves in the heart?

A
  • atrioventricular valves - tricuspid valve and biscupid valve
    -semilunar valves - pulmonary and aortic valves (located between the ventricles and their corresponding artery)
38
Q

describe the tricuspid valve

A

-located between the RA and RV
-3 cusps - anterior , septal and posterior
-each base of the cusp is anchored to a fibrous ring

39
Q

describe the mitral valve / bicuspid valve

A

-between the LA and LV
-2 cusps - anterior and posterior
-base of each cusp is anchored to a fibrous ring

40
Q

describe the pulmonary valve

A

-located between the RV and the pulmonary trunk
-3 cusps - left, right and anterior (named by position in the foetus)

41
Q

describe the aortic valve

A

-located between the LV and ascending aorta
- 3 cusps - right, left and posterior
-anterior cusp is right cusp, posterior cusp is right posterior cusp and left cusp is left posterior cusp

42
Q

what is aortic stenosis & list causes ?

A

narrowing of the aortic valve - which restricts the flow of blood leaving the heart
-age related calcification, congenital defects

43
Q

what is auscultation & give examples?

A

medical technique that involves listening to internal sounds within the body using a stethoscope
eg heart sounds- sub-dub, lung sounds during breathing

anatomy - cardio resp (7 decks)

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