Heart Murmurs Flashcards
What is Mitral Stenosis?
Narrowing of the mitral valve between the left atrium and ventricles preventing blood flow
When and where is mitral stenosis heard upon auscultation?
Apex beat- left 5th ICS MCL during expiration
What part of the cardiac cycle does mitral stenosis occur?
mid-diastolic
Characteristic of mitral stenosis murmur?
Low-pitched mid-diastolic murmur with an opening click
What is mitral regurgitation?
Mitral valve doesn’t close properly causing backflow into the left atrium
When and where is mitral regurgitation heard?
Apex beat- left 5th ICS MCL during expiration
murmur radiates to the axilla
What part of the cardiac cycle does mitral regurgitation occur?
pan-systolic
Characteristic of mitral regurgitation murmur?
High-pitched whistling murmur
what can mitral regurgitation lead to
congestive heart failure due to reduced ejection fraction and a backflow of blood that is waiting to be ejected out from the left side of the heart
What is mitral valve prolapse and what can it cause?
Floppy mitral valve can cause mitral regurgitation
When and where is mitral valve proplase heard?
Apex beat- left 5th ICS MCL during expiration
What part of the cardiac cycle does mitral valve prolapse occur?
mid systolic
Characteristic of MVP?
midsystolic click
What is Tricuspid Stenosis?
Narrowing of the tricuspid valve between the right atrium and ventricles preventing blood flow
When and where is tricuspid stenosis heard?
During inspiration 3rd/4th ICS right sternal edge
What part of the cardiac cycle is tricuspid stenosis heard?
Mid-diastolic
What does mitral stenosis lead to?
Left ventricular hypertrophy
what does tricuspid stenosis lead to?
Right atrial hypertrophy
what does mitral regurgitation lead to?
left atrial dilation
what does aortic stenosis lead to
left ventricular hypertrophy
what does aortic regurgitation lead to?
left ventricular dilation
What manoeuvre is good for is best for mitral regurgitation?
roll-on left side - use diaphragm
What manoeuvre is good for is best for mitral stenosis?
roll-on left side - use bell
Characteristic of tricuspid stenosis?
Mid-diastolic murmur- rarely audible
Clinical feature of tricuspid stenosis?
peripheral oedema, ascites
What is tricuspid regurgitation
tricuspid doesn’t close properly causing backflow back into the right atrium
When and where is tricuspid regurgitation heard upon auscultation?
3rd/4ths ICS right sternal edge during inspiration
What part of the cardiac cycle is tricuspid regurgitation heard
pan-systolic
Clinical feature of tricuspid regurgitation?
right-sided heart failure, right ventricular heave, peripheral oedema, hepatomegaly, ascites
Pulmonary Stenosis - when and where is it heard?
inspiration in left 2nd ICS left sternal edge
Pulmonary stenosis- where is the cardiac cycle is it heard
ejection systolic
characteristic of pulmonary stenosis
high-pitched and spilling murmur in S2
Pulmonary regurgitation- when and where is it heard?
inspiration in left 2nd ICS left sternal edge
Where in the cardiac cycle is pulmonary regurgitation heard?
Early diastolic
Characteristic of pulmonary regurgitation
decrescendo murmur
what causes pulmonary regurgitation
usually pulmonary hypertension
Aortic stenosis- when and where is it heard?
expiration in left 2nd ICS right sternal edge
where in the cardiac cycle is Aortic stenosis heard?
ejection systole
Characteristic of aortic stenosis?
crescendo-decrescendo, radiates to carotids (diaphragm), best heard when patient is leaning forwards
Aortic regurgitation- when and where is it heard?
expiration in left 2nd ICS right sternal edge
what part of the cardiac cycle is aortic regurgitation heard?
early diastolic
Characteristic of aortic regurgitation?
decrescendo early diastolic murmur
What can severe aortic regurgitation cause?
Austin Flint murmur- low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur. Heard best at the apex. Caused by regurgitated blood from aorta mixes with blood from left atrium
What can severe aortic regurgitation cause?
Austin Flint murmur- low pitched rumbling mid-diastolic murmur. Heard best at the apex. Caused by regurgitated blood from aorta mixes with blood from left atrium
What part of the cardiac cycle does aortic regurg, stenosis and mitral regurg and stenosis take place?
hARD ASS MRS MRD
Aortic Regurg= Diastolic
Aortic Stenosis= Systolic
Mitral Regurg= Stenosis
Mitral Regurg= Diastolic
