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Biology > Heart & Lungs > Flashcards

Heart & Lungs Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Open Circulatory System

A

Circulating and body fluid mix.

Circulation is not confined to vessels

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2
Q

Closed Circulatory System

A

Blood is confined to vessels (arteries/veins)

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3
Q

Functions of Circulatory System

A

(1) CO2/O2 oxygen exchange
(2) Nutrient exchange
(3) get rid of waste
(4) maintain body temperature

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4
Q

Right Heart

A

Pumps blood from lungs to left heart (pulmonary circulation).

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5
Q

Left Heart

A

Pumps bld to rest of body back to right heart (systemic circulation).
Bigger than right side

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6
Q

Describe circulation of bld

A

(1) Deoxygenated bld from superior & inferior vena cava into right atrium
(2) Right atrium, through tricuspid valve, to right ventricle
(3) Through pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery to lungs
(4) O2/ CO2 exchange (oxygenated bld)
(5) Back to left atrium through pulmonary veins
(6) Left atrium to left ventricle by mitral valve
(7) Through aortic valve, aorta to branching arteries, arterioles, capillaries.
(8) In capillaries have exchange of nutrient/waste & O2
(9) Deoxygenated bld from capillaries to venules
(10) Venules to veins
(11) Back to right atria through superior/inferior vena cava

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7
Q

Systole

A

Left ventricle contraction.

Pressure in the arteries are 120 mmHg

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8
Q

Diastole

A 
Ventricle relaxation (fill with bld)
Pressure in the arteries are 80 mmHg
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9
Q

Turbulent flow

A

Bld flows chaotically (not linearly). Due to pressure increase (i.e. decrease in vessel size)

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10
Q

Laminar flow

A

Bld flow is linear and smooth (parabolic)

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11
Q

Arteries/Aorta

A

Smooth muscle.

Connective tissue=collagen & elastin.

Elastic to prevent pressure from becoming too high and keep pressure relatively high so bld can flow through entire body system.

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12
Q

Endothelial Cells

A

Epithelial cells that line lumen of bld vessels

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13
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Buildup of fats, cholesterols, and others that restrict bld flow.

Caused by abrasion of vessel walls (endothelial damage)

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14
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Vessels carrying oxygenated bld thicken and stiffen due to deposits.

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15
Q

What regulates circulatory system?

A
  • (1) Sympathetic
    (2) Parasympathetic
    (3) Humoral control=ions/hormones
    (4) Local control=tissue
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16
Q

Arterioles

A

Major area of resistance in circulatory system.

Composed and regulated same way as arteries

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17
Q

Capillaries

A

Composed of single layer of endothelial cells which is surrounded by a basement membrane

Diffusion takes place here.

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18
Q

Precapillary spinchter

A

Entrance to capillary bed.

Composed of smooth muscle.

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19
Q

Veins

A

Have low amount of smooth and connective muscle (lowest pressure).

Contain unidirectional valves which promote bld flow back to heart when muscle contracts (no backward flow)

Sympathetic control

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20
Q

Varicose veins

A

Protruding veins from increased pressure due to backward flow from valves

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21
Q

“Lub” sound

A

Closing of tricuspid valve when right ventricle contracts.

Valve closes to prevent back flow to right atria.

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22
Q

“Dub” sound

A

Closing of aorta or pulmonary artery.

Closing due to flow from atrium to ventricle/ from ventricle to pulmonary or systemic circulatory system.

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23
Q

Chordae Tendinease

A

Hold valves in place.

Prevent valves from inverting.

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24
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

A

Pacemaker of heart.
Located b/w superior vena cava and right atrium.
Origin of the electrical impulse that travels through the heart. Causes atrial contraction/ventricular filling.

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25
Q

Atrioventricular Node (AV node)

A

Located in lower right atria near right ventricle.

Get’s impulse from SA node and spreads to bundle of His

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26
Q

Bundle of His

A

Surrounds ventricles and cause them to contract.

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27
Q

BP leaving aorta

A

100mmHg

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28
Q

High Pressure Baroreceptors

A

Located in carotid arteries and aortic arch.
Detect bp by stretch of arterial walls (afferent signals to medulla and brain stem).
What happens when bp drops or rises? (symp. control)

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29
Q

Low Pressure Baroreceptors

A

Found in pulmonary vessels, veins and right atrium/ventricle.
Regulate blood volume (especially on venous side).

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30
Q

Cardiac Output

A

Amt of bld per min. by each ventricle.

Cardiac output = (Stroke Volume) x (Heart Rate)

Average=5L per min

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31
Q

Heart Rate

A

Beats/min.

Average=72 beats/min

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32
Q

Stroke Volume

A

Liters/beat.
Amt of bld ejected by ventricle per beat.
Average=0.07L/beat

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33
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

Recite the equation!

A

Determine how radius, length, change in pressure, and viscosity affect flow rate of bld vessel.

Change in pressure is the strength of the heart’s contraction.

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34
Q

Diffusion law/Fick’s Law (J)

A

J=net rate of diffusion (mol/sec)

D=proportionality constant

A=area (cm^2)

(change in C)/(change in x)= concentration gradient (mol/cm^3)

*Go from high to low concentration

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35
Q

Osmosis

A

Movement of water from high to low concentration

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36
Q

Osmolarity

A

Total solute concentration in water.

i.e. 1M glucose=1 osmol per liter
1M NaCl=2 osmol per liter (breaks into 2 ions)

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37
Q

Osmotic Pressure (pi-osm)

A

Pressure needed to stop osmosis.

More solute=increased osmotic pressure.

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38
Q

Hydrostatic pressure (PH2O)

A

Measure of osmotic pressure by subtracting water levels (delta h).

PH2O of heart forces fluid out of capillaries and into interstitial space.

PH2O overcomes osmotic pressure in capillaries pushes fluid into interstitial and into lymphatic system.

39
Q

Lymphatic System

A

Collects excess fluid that leaks into interstitial from capillaries and returns to circulation by vena cava.

~4L per day

Parallel to pulmonary and systemic circulation.

Contains valves for unidirectional mvmt.

40
Q

Lymphnode

A

Filters out foreign particles that could lead to disease.

41
Q

Edema

A

Increased interstitial fluid because lymphatic system cannot reabsorb.

42
Q

Intrinsic blood clotting pathway

A

Clotting due to contact with abnormal surface.

43
Q

Extrinsic blood clotting pathway

A

Clotting due to trauma to tissue

44
Q

Blood clotting

A

A cascade process to get thrombin.

45
Q

Serine Protease

A

Enzymes that cleave peptide bonds.

46
Q

Hemophilia

A

Individuals lack Factor VIIIa in cascade.

Sex-linked recessive

47
Q

Vitamin K

A

Needed to convert preprothrombin to prothrombin.

Carboxylase enzyme needed to add carboxyl group to Glu residues in preprothrombin at gamma position only works if Vitamin K present.

48
Q

Prothrombin

A

Has great affinity for Ca2+ (chelating agent).

49
Q

Thrombin

A

Made by converting prothrombin w/ Factor Xa.

Prothrombin and Factor Xa (-)Glu residues bind to phospholipid heads of platelet membranes by Ca2+. Factor Xa makes cuts in prothrombin (at Arg-X residues) to make thrombin.

Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin that crosslinks to form clot.

50
Q

Fibrinogen

A

Soluble due to excess negative amino acids.

Peptides w/ excess charge removed by thrombin as fibrinopeptides to make fibrin.

Fibrin molecules interact by electrostatic interactions (fibrin clot).

51
Q

Transglutaminase

A

Enzyme that cross links fibrin.

Goes from soft clot to hard clot.

Crosslinks Gln and Lys residues by transamination rxn.

52
Q

Plasmin

A

Removes clot by hydrolyzing regions of fibrin clot.

53
Q

Tissue plasminogen activator (TPA)

A

Converts plasminogen into plasmin.

54
Q

Dicoumarol

A

Medication that causes prothrombin not to bind to Ca2+

Vitamin K antagonist

55
Q

Warfarin

A

Vitamin K antagonist

56
Q

Respiration

A

When O2 is brought into cells and CO2 is removed

57
Q

Pathway of Air

A

(1) Oral cavity
(2) Pharynx
(3) Larynx
(4) Trachea
(5) Bronchi=tubular pathways
(6) Bronchus separate into each lung into small passageways called bronchioles (innervated by smooth muscle)
(7) Alveoli

58
Q

Alveoli

A

Thin layer of epithelial cells + basement membrane.
Each surrounded by capillary network.

Increase surface area of gas exchange.

Alveoli and capillaries separate by small interstitial space.

59
Q

Air compostion

A

78% N2, 21% O2, 0.3% CO2, 0.7% H2O

60
Q

Atmospheric pressure

A

760 mmHg (PO2=160mmHg)

Decreases as altitude increases

61
Q

Diffusion rate of oxygen

A

Remember equation! (it is long….)

Similar to rate of diffusion

62
Q

Cilia

A

Hair-like projections that line lumen of airway to remove foreign matter.

63
Q

Mucus

A

Pathogens get stuck in this fluid. Fluid is beat upward by cilia.

64
Q

Cartilage rings

A

Keep upper respiratory passageways open.

Rest of airway made of smooth muscle.

65
Q

Asthma

A

Hypersensitivity to outside pathogens.

Mast cells in bronchioles release substances that cause smooth muscle to spasm.

66
Q

Diaphragm

A

Separate thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Made of skeletal and connective tissue (autonomic control)
Used for inspiration

67
Q

Pleural Membrane

A

Visceral pleura=covers lungs.

Parietal pleura=adheres diaphragm to chest wall.

68
Q

Intrapleural space

A

B/w visceral and parietal pleura and contains a watery fluid.
Pressure difference here necessary for inspiration.

69
Q

Inspiration.

A

Subatomic pressure created in alveoli when lungs enlarged.

Makes pressure gradient for O2 uptake.

70
Q

Expiration

A

Air in alveoli compressed and forced out of airway.

71
Q

Describe blood oxygenation

A

Bld is deoxygenated when it returns to right side of heart:
PO2=40mmHg, PCO2=46mmHg

Gas pressures in alveoli:
PO2=105mmHg, PCO2=40mmHg

Bld enters lungs and gas exchange b/w alveoli and capillaries (new concentrations):
Capillaries: PO2=100mmHg, PCO2=40mmHg
Alveoli=increased PCO2

Bld is now oxygenated:
Bld pumped from left side of heart to tissues
Tissues deoxygenated: PCO2=46mmHg, PO2=40mmHg

O2 diffuses to tissues and bld is deoxygenated.

72
Q

Hemoglobin

A

Protein in bld that binds O2 (98% O2 here).
Four polypeptide units make quaternary structure.
Each heme grp has Fe2+ = 4O2 can bind

73
Q

Normal Body Temp.

A

37 degrees Celcius

Increase in temp results in right, downward shift of curve

74
Q

Normal Body pH

A

7.4

Decrease in pH means right, downward shift of curve

75
Q

2,3 Biphosphoglycerate (2,3-BPG)

A

By-product of glycolysis. Increases w/ decreasing O2.

Binds to hemoglobin and shifts curve right, downward.

76
Q

Bicarb equation

A

H2O + CO2 ——–> H+ + HCO3-
Done by enzyme carbonic anhydrase (makes carbonic acid which ionizes).
How CO2 is carried in bld.

77
Q

Part of brain that controls breathing

A

Medulla and pons

78
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Central chemoreceptors (medulla): Senses level of CO2 by H+ concentration.

Peripheral chemoreceptors (aortic and carotid): Aortic senses CO2/O2, carotid senses all three.

79
Q

HbA vs HbF

A

Adult hemoglobin=2 alpha + 2 beta subunits

Fetal hemoglobin=2 alpha + 2 gamma subunits

80
Q

Epiglottis

A

Covers opening of the larynx so food does not go down

81
Q

Surfactant

A

Coats alveolus to decrease surface tension

82
Q

Inhalation

A

Muscles: external intercostal muscles & diaphragm

Active process

83
Q

Negative-pressure breathing

A

Increasing volume of intrapleural space causes decrease in pressure (provide driving force for air to come in).

84
Q

Exhalation

A

Not an active process

Muscles: internal intercostal muscles & abdominal muscles (only needed for active expiration)

85
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Puncture of lung causes pressure in intrapleural space to increase=lung collapses

86
Q

Emphysema

A

Lung is too compliant (no elastic recoil).

Alveolus break down

87
Q

Total Lung Capacity

A

6-7 L of air (max amt of air lungs can hold)

88
Q

Vital Capacity

A

Max amt of air we can blow out

VC=TV+ERV+IRV

89
Q

Residual Volume

A

Air left after vital capacity expelled

90
Q

Tidal Volume

A

Air that naturally comes out w/ exhalation

91
Q

Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

Extra air left after breathing out normally

92
Q

Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

Air that can still come in after normal inspiration

93
Q

External nares and nasal cavity

A

Remove contaminants from air and humidify it

94
Q

Respiration Rate

A

Controlled by pH-sensitive receptors in medulla oblongata

Biology (3 decks)

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