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Biology Nerve and Muscle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Digestive system

A

Gastrointestinal tube from mouth to anus

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2
Q

Coelom

A

Contains digestive system. Separated into thoracic and abdominal cavities.

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3
Q

Thoracic Cavity

A

Heart + lungs

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4
Q

Abdominal Cavity

A

Liver + stomach +intestines

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5
Q

4 types of tissues and functions

A

Epithelial=lining, protection, secretion

Muscle=movement (voluntary or involuntary)

Connective=anchor and support

Nerve=innervation

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6
Q

Tissue

A

Cells of a particular type coalesce

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7
Q

Organ

A

Two or more tissue perform specific function

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8
Q

Epithelium Tissue, Types & Shapes

A

Types: Simple (one layer) vs stratified (multiple layers)

Shapes: squamous (flat), cuboidal, columnar

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9
Q

Lumen vs. Apical

A

Lumen=inside

Apical=outside

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10
Q

Microvilli

A

Found on lumen side of epithelium. Increase surface area of absorption in GI tract

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11
Q

Cilia

A

Found on apical side of epithelium. Move unidirectionally to remove foreign particles

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12
Q

Tight Junctions (def and function)

A

Epithelium

Permeability layer b/w luminal and basolateral side. Hold neighboring cells together.

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13
Q

Desmosomes

A

Epithelium

Join cells together to form basal lamina.

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14
Q

Basal Lamina (def and function)

A

Epithelium

Contact w/ connective tissue that anchors cells

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15
Q

Gap Junctions (def. and function)

A

Epithelium
Allow water soluble molecules to pass b/w cytoplasms of cells. Function to allow equilibration b/w cells and for cells to function as unit.

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16
Q

Layering of epithelium

A

Epidermal Region=stratified tissue
Below that is Dermis
Below that is subcutaneous tissue=adipose deposits

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17
Q

Erector muscles

A

Found in dermis. Straighten hair shafts

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18
Q

Fibroblasts

A

Connective tissue.

Secrete proteins that make structural connective tissue.

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19
Q

Collagen

A

Connective tissue.

Triple stranded, insoluble, fibrous, highly crosslinked, strong and flexible

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20
Q

Reticulin

A

Connective Tissue.
Thin, not as cross-linked.
Found in spleen and lymph nodes.

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21
Q

Elastin

A

Connective Tissue.
High cross-linkage, high elasticity.
Lungs, skin, bld vessels.

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22
Q

Chondrocytes

A

Fibroblasts that secrete cartilage

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23
Q

Cartilage

A

Connective Tissue.
Found in places of high stress.
Joins, spine, nose, ears.

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24
Q

Osteoblasts

A

Fibroblasts that secrete bone

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25
Q

Bone

A

Connective Tissue.

1/3 collagen (organic) and 2/3 Ca3(PO4)2 & CaCO3 (inorganic)

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26
Q

Mast Cells

A

Connective Tissue.
Secrete histamine in response to allergy, injury, infection.
Increase bld flow to affected area.

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27
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Connective Tissue.

Stores Fat

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28
Q

Melanocytes

A

Connective Tissue.

Store Pigments.

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29
Q

Voluntary Muscle vs. Involuntary muscle

A

Can control action vs can’t control action (i.e. cardiac and smooth)

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30
Q

Nervous system

A

Composed of nerves and support cells

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31
Q

Anatomy of Nerve Cell

A

Cell body=integrates info.
Dendrites=receive/transmit info to cell body
Axon=conduct info away from cell body

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32
Q

Signalling pathway of neuron

A

(1) neuron excite by external stimulus
(2) cell body process info
(3) action potential=info goes down axon
(4) reaches end of axon (synaptic bulbs) and neurotransmitters released
(5) diffuse across synaptic cleft/synapse and induces adjoining neuron

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33
Q

Conc. of Ions in extracellular space

A

Na+=150mM
K+=5mM
Cl-=130mM
HCO3-=25mM

K+ & HCO3 higher inside at rest. Na+ and Cl- lower.

Diffusion is affected chemically (conc.) and electrically (voltage).

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34
Q

Electroneutrality

A

Conc. of anions and cations in extracellular space is equal (155mM)

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35
Q

Na+/K+ ATPase

A

3Na+ for 2K+

Responsible for asymmetrical conc. gradient across membrane.

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36
Q

Nernst Equation

A

Used to calculate potential difference across membrane.

Remember equation!!

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37
Q

Resting State of Nerve

A

During resting state permeability of K is greater than Na.

More K+ channels. Na+ channels are mostly voltage gated. K has easier time moving out of cell than Na moving into cell

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38
Q

Stimulated State of Nerve

A

Permeability of Na is greater than K.

Stimulus opens Na voltage gated channels.

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39
Q

Depolarization

A

Transient reduction of membrane potential by increasing permeability of Na+

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40
Q

Threshold Potential

A

Minimum depolarization from stimulus needed to open voltage gated Na+ channels

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41
Q

Action Potential

A

Think of it as a “range”
The threshold potential opens Na+ voltage gated channels and Na+ bursts into cell as it continues to depolarize.
Polarity of membrane switches (side that is (+) and side that is (-))

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42
Q

Repolarization

A

Na+ voltage channels close and K+ voltage channels open so that K+ moves out of the cell

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43
Q

Hyperpolarlization

A

When the potential difference goes below -80mV as K+ moves out of cell

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44
Q

Refractory

A

Another action potential cannot be generated because Na+ channels remained closed.

Period so membrane potential will return to resting value.

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45
Q

All-or-none phenomena of Action Potential

A

Generation of action potential depends on permeability of Na+ and K+
Action potential will occur if more Na+ moves into cell than K+ moving out of cell

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46
Q

Cross-Sectional Area and Action Potential

A

Increased cross sectional area means a greater action potential

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47
Q

Myelinated Nerves

A

Increase the rate of action potentials

Myelin=membrane w/ some proteins + lots of phospholipids.

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48
Q

Glial Cells

A

Deposit the myelin on axon.

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49
Q

Node of Ranvier

A

Because of how myelin is deposited, ions can only pass through membrane at these nodes.

Nodes have high concentration of Na+ channels

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50
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

Increased speed of conduction due to multiple sites of depolarization at nodes of ranvier.

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51
Q

Terminal Bouton

A

Area at the end of the axon where synapse occurs

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52
Q

Synapse

A

When terminal bouton of one neuron interacts with dendrites or cell body of another

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53
Q

Synaptic junction/ synaptic cleft

A

Area between terminal bouton and other neuron

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54
Q

Pre-synaptic membrane

A

Membrane of terminal bouton

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55
Q

Post-synaptic membrane

A

Membrane of other neuron (where synapse is being made to)

56
Q

Neuromuscular Junction

A

Synapse b/w terminal bouton and axon of muscle fiber

57
Q

Synaptic Vesicles

A

Vesicles in the terminal bouton that contain neurotransmitter

58
Q

Difference in action potential of muscle

A

(1) Action potential triggers influx of Ca2+ into terminal bouton.
(2) Ca2+ causes synaptic vesicles to bind with pre-synaptic membrane and release ACh by exocytosis
(3) ACh binds to receptors on post-synaptic membrane and conformation changes open ligand gated channels (i.e. Na+ channels)
(4) Post-synaptic cell depolarizes

59
Q

Ionophore

A

Na+ channels

60
Q

Acetylcholinesterase

A

Produced by post-synaptic cell and hydrolyzes ACh to acetate and choline so that it does not remain in synaptic cleft and cause stimulation.
Recycled back to pre-synaptic cell to make ACh again.

61
Q

Excitatory post-synaptic potential

A

Increases the post-synaptic membrane to Na+

Membrane will depolarize

62
Q

Inhibitory post-synaptic potential

A

Increases the post-synaptic membrane to K+ and Cl-

Membrane will hyperpolarize

63
Q

Integrated action potentials

A

Excitatory and inhibitory potentials result in only 2 action potentials

64
Q

What happens when two action potentials meet?

A

They will both stop propagating. Region in front of action potential is being depolarized while behind is in resting.

65
Q

Tendons

A

Connects muscle and bone

66
Q

Belly of Muscle

A

Region b/w tendons

67
Q

Multinucleated muscle fibers

A

Muscles cells. Cells do not divide but get larger

68
Q

Myofibrils

A

Longitudinal striations of skeletal muscle. Contains contractile units of muscle.

69
Q

Sarcomere (describe structure)

A

Each unit bounded by Z line.
Know where A-band, I-band, H-zone.
What happens to size of these during muscle relaxation and contraction.

70
Q

Myosin Heads

A

Projections from myosin that interacts with actin filaments

71
Q

Actin

A

Thin muscle filament.

Composed of G actin monomers.

72
Q

Myosin

A

Thick muscle filament.

73
Q

Muscle Contraction Cycle

A

(1)ATP bound to myosin prevents it from binding to actin
ATP reduces myosin’s affinity for actin
(2)ATP hydrolyzed=P+ADP+myosin complex
(3)Myosin binds to actin
This step also depends on Ca2+ present (skeletal muscle)
(4)P and ADP release from from myosin and conformation change occurs.

74
Q

Power Stroke

A

Actin moving relative to myosin

75
Q

Rigor complex

A

Myosin staying bound to actin after contraction (disappears when ATP rebinds)

76
Q

Tropomyosin

A

Protein that is in actin grove and prevents myosin head from attaching.
Actin based regulation.

77
Q

Troponin

A

Protein complex interacts w/ tropomyosin, actin and Ca2+.

When Ca2+ binds to troponin it causes tropomyosin to shift its position so that myosin binding sites can be accessed.

78
Q

Sarcoplasmic Reticulum

A

Membranous structure like the endoplasmic reticulum that surrounds myofibrils.
Ca2+ sequestered here.

79
Q

Transverse Tubules

A

Plasma membrane of myofibril.

When action potential travels down T-tubule it causes release of Ca2+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum.

80
Q

What affects strength of contraction?

A

(1) Size of motor unit
(2) # of available motor units
(3) Amt of actin and myosin

81
Q

Motor unit

A

Motor neuron and the muscles it innervates

82
Q

Motor Neuron

A

Nerves whose cell bodies are located in CNS (Spinal+Brain Stem).
Innervate skeletal muscle.
Myelinated (makes sense because body mvmt is quick).
Size of motor unit depends on action muscle does (precise mvmt vs postural/large mvmt).

83
Q

Fast contraction vs. Slow contraction

A

Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration.

Lactic acid formation=pH drop=stops key enzyme in glycolysis=fatigue

84
Q

Ganglion

A

Grouping of nerve cells.

More elaborate grouping makes CNS and PNS

85
Q

3 Vertebrate brain division

A

Forebrain, midbrain, hindbrain

86
Q

CNS

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

87
Q

PNS

A

Nerves that extend from CNS into limbs and extremities

88
Q

Afferent sensory neurons

A

Neuron carries information into CNS

89
Q

Efferent sensory neurons

A

Neuron carries info away from CNS

90
Q

Forebrain

A

Cerebrum=right and left cerebral hemispheres joined by corpus callosum (hemispheres separated into 4 lobes)

Thalamus=relay station for visual and auditory info from environment

Hypothalamus=visceral activities

91
Q

Frontal lobes

A

Associated w/ mvmt and personality

92
Q

Parietal lobes

A

Associated w/ touch and stretch

93
Q

Temporal lobes

A

Associated w/ hearing

94
Q

Occipital lobes

A

Associated w/ vision

95
Q

Cerebral Cortex

A

Outermost layer of cerebrum.

Made of gray matter and white matter

96
Q

Gray matter

A

Nerve cell bodies and dendrites

97
Q

White matter

A

Myelinated axons of nerve cells

98
Q

Central Sulcus

A

Groove that separates frontal and parietal lobes

99
Q

Motor Cortex

A

Anterior to sulcus and controls mvmt of muscles.

I.e. hands, speech, fingers

100
Q

Sensory cortex

A

Posterior to sulcus and detects sensation

101
Q

Premotor cortex

A

Anterior to motor cortex and controls grps of muscles

102
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

Master endocrine gland (anterior and posterior pituitary).

Receives info from hypothalamus and carries out action

103
Q

Parts of Brainstem

A

Control motor and visceral activities.

Midbrain= sense pleasure and pain, direct head/eye mvmt

Cerebellum=coordinate muscular activity

Pons and Medulla=visceral activity

Reticular Formation=alerts brain; induces sleep

104
Q

Monosynaptic reflex arc

A

Contraction occurs w/ only one synaptic connection.

i.e. goes from spine to motor neuron

105
Q

Polysynaptic reflex arc

A

Contraction occurs due to 2/more synaptic connections.

106
Q

Interneuron

A

Neuron that connects other neurons

107
Q

Extensor Muscle

A

Contraction results in increased angle b/w limbs

108
Q

Flexor Muscle

A

Contraction results in reduced angle

109
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Efferent part of PNS.

Two divisions: sympathetic and parasympathetic

110
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Nerve fibers leave sacral part of spinal, midbrain and medulla.

Generally tries to conserve energy and restore.

Increase digestion, lower hr and bp, pupils constrict

111
Q

Preganglionic neurons (Parasymp.)

A 
Cell bodies are found in sacral and brainstem.
Very long.
Releases ACh (cholinergic)
112
Q

Postganglionic neurons (Parasymp.)

A

Found very close to organs being innervated.
Short.
Releases ACh (cholinergic)

113
Q

Vagus Nerve (X cranial nerve)

A

3/4 of parasymp. neurons found here.

Innervates heart, kidneys, stomach, heart, lungs, liver, small & large intestine, other.

114
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

Nerve fibers branch from thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord.

Flight or fight response=increase hr and bp, decrease digestive, pupils dilate.

115
Q

Sympathetic Trunk

A

Nerve fibers form chains of ganglia on either side of spinal. (symp.)

116
Q

Preganglionic neurons (Symp.)

A

Tend to be short.
Release ACh.
Nerves pass through spinal trunk. 3 things can happen:

(1) synapse w/ other ganglia outside of trunk
(2) Ascend or descend to synapse w/ ganglia at other levels
(3) Directly synapse w/ ganglion

117
Q

Postganglionic neurons (Symp.)

A 
Tend to be longer.
Release Norepinephrine (adrenergic).
118
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Endocrine gland that releases norepi and epi

Special symp. nerve fibers=no postgang. (go directly to adrenal medulla)

119
Q

Somatic nervous system (characteristics)

A

(1) Leave CNS and directly synapse on effector organ
(2) Releases ACh
(3) Innervates skeletal muscle
(4) Reponse is excitatory

120
Q

Autonomic nervous system (characteristics)

A

(1) Synapse w/ other ganglion b/f effector organ
(2) Pregang. both release ACh; postgang of symp releases norepi and parasymp. releases ACh
(3) Innervates cardiac & smooth muscle and glands
(4) Excitatory or inhibitory

121
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Pressure, hearing, balance, bp

122
Q

Nociceptors

A

Sense pain

123
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Detect cold/warmth

124
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sense taste, H+, CO2, smell, O2, bld glucose

125
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Respond to photons of light (in eyes)

126
Q

Receptor potential

A

Change in membrane potential generated by transduced stimulus.

Exceeding receptor potential generates action potential.

127
Q

Action potential of nerves

A

Pressure or stimulus causes deformation of nerve and lets Na+ into nerve.

Flow of current propagated through nerve

128
Q

Sensory adaption

A

Continued stimulus on nerve results in less action potentials.

Ex. Pressure receptors (touching things)

129
Q

Receptive field

A

Branching from end of neuron that end at different receptors

130
Q

Lateral Inhibition

A

Excited neuron reduces activity of neighbors.
Mediated by interneurons.
To prevent overactivity due to overlap.

131
Q

Somatic Sensory Pathways

A

Sensory input from one side will be represented by somatosensory cortex on opposite side of brain.

Right to left, Left to right

132
Q

First Order Neurons (somatic sensory)

A

Neurons from receptive field enters spinal cord (afferent) and synapses w/ 2nd order neurons

133
Q

Second Order Neurons (somatic sensory)

A

Ascend opposite side of spine and to thalamus and (afferent) synapse w/ 3rd order

134
Q

Third Order Neurons (somatic sensory)

A

Ascend to specific region of somatosensory cortex

135
Q

Essential Amino Acids

A

Valine, Methionine, Histidine, Leucine, Phenylalanine, Threonine, Isoleucine, Tryptophan, Lysine

Biology (3 decks)

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