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Parasitology > Heart/ Lung worms in Dogs & Cats > Flashcards

Heart/ Lung worms in Dogs & Cats Flashcards

1
Q

What is the superfamily of the heart and lung worms of dogs and cats?

A

Filarioidea

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2
Q

**Dirofilaria immitis: **

Host?

IMH?

Site?

Distribution?

A
  • Dog, cat, ferret, sea lion, man
  • IMH: mosquito
  • Cardiovascular system
    • Right ventricle, posterior vena cava, pulmonary artery
  • Distribution: Warm/ temperate climate, tropics.
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3
Q

What is the life cycle of D. immitis and its PPP?

A
  1. Adults release Mf into blood.
  2. Mf ingested by mosquito IMH.
  3. Develops from Mf (L1) - L3 in 10-14 days under optimal conditions.
  4. L3 transmitted to host by feeding mosquito
  5. L3- L4- Juvenile Adult in Subcutaenous **Kill with prophylaxis at this point. **
  6. Juvenile adult migrates to heart.
  7. Mature adult in heart produces Mf.
  8. **PPP 6 months. **
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4
Q

Pathogenesis of D. immitis.

What diseases/ clinical problems can be seen with heavy burdens? (3)

A
  • The pathogenesis depends on the worm burden.
  • Low numbers can be no apparent ill effects.
  • Pathogenesis is associated with the worm burden of adults in the heart.
  • **Chronic congested right sided heart failure. **
  • Pulmonary embolism caused by adults blocking the vessels.
  • Vena Cava syndrome: blocked by massive numbers of adults.
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5
Q

Clinical Symptoms of D. immitis?

A
  • Chronic soft coughing
  • Exercise intolerance.
  • Listless, lethargic
  • Gradual loss of condition
  • Cardiovascular dysfunction
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6
Q

Diagnosing D. immitis? ( 3 methods)

What is an occult infection?

At what age should we HWT?

A
  1. Detection of Mf in blood via blood smear.
  2. Detection of circulatiing antigen (Snap Test)
    - - Ag tests can detect a single female in the blood stream but not males. (very sensitive test)
    • Begin testing by 6-7 months of age since the PPP is 6 months.
    • More sensitive than Mf detection in blood becasue this will detect a single female whereas your blood sample might not have any Mf in it because there are low numbers circulating. **This is what we call “occult” infections where some dogs have adults but no Mf in the blood. **
      3. Clinical signs and history i.e presenting with all the clinical symptoms (chronic soft cough, lethargic, exercise intolerance, loss of condition) and history i.e. **(no HW prevention given) **
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7
Q

D. immitis Prophylaxis:

A
  1. Give macrocyclic lactones monthly (Ivermectin, milbemycin, selamectin)
    Kills L3 & L4 up to 6 weeks p. i.
    **Note: Ivermectin is microfilaricidal at prophylactic doses. **
  2. Prophylactic drugs do not kill adult worms only the developing Larval stages.
  3. Before dispensing prophylaxis must test to see if dog is HW (+) – Mf (+) because the prophylaxis will kill the Mf and if there are high numbers of Mf this can cause shock. Therefore pre treatment Mf testing is NECESSARY.
  4. In edemic areas i.e warm, temperatre, tropical climates, puppy’s should be on prevention by 8 weeks of age.
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8
Q

D. immitis treatment:

A

Expensive!!

Surgical removal of adult heart worms.

Treat with melarsomine (immiticide) Not licensed in the UK.

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9
Q

What is different about the treatment/ pathogenesis of D. immitis in cats?

A

The pathology in cats is related to the inflammatory response to the worms compared with the dog whose pathogenesis is associated with # of worms in the heart vasculature.

Immitidice (Melarsomine) is very toxic in cats.

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10
Q

What species are classified under the superfamily Metastrongyloidea?

A

Angiostrongylus vasorum

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Oslerus osleri

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11
Q

Angiostrongylus vasorum:

Host?

IMH?

Site?

A

Hosts: dog, fox

IMH: molluscs

Site: Right ventricle, pulmonary artery.

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12
Q

Metastrongyles:

Clinical symptoms?

Direct / Indirect?

IMH?

A
  • Indirect life cycles
  • IMH: molluscs
  • Clinically mild/ asymptomatic symptoms
  • exceptions of metastrongyles:

– O. osleri - Direct life cycle

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13
Q

D. immitis in cats compared to dogs:

A

not well adapted to cats

Very pathogenic because it is not well adapted so few worms can cause death whereas need a heavy worm burden in dogs.

Adult worms live for shorter priod of time compared to dog (2-3 yrs. vs. 5-7 years)

Mf are transient therefore will not see them as easily on a blood smear so the Ag test is appropriate (Dogs Mf are persistant)

Most affects the lungs in cats whereas in dogs affects heart and lungs:

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14
Q

A. vasorum lifecycle and PPP.

A
  1. Adult in heart. Females release eggs.
  2. Eggs hatch in the pulmonary capillaries
  3. L1 break into alveoli migrate up lungs.
  4. L1 passed in feces
  5. L1 taken up by IMH
  6. IMH releases L3
  7. L3 picked up by host and moults to L4- juvenile adult.
  8. Adult migrates to right side of heart.
  9. PPP: 7 weeks
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15
Q

A. vasorum pathogenesis:

A

Pathology associated with adults in large vessles and eggs in pulmonary capillaries.

Causes chronic congestive right sided heart failure.

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16
Q

A. Vasorum clinical symptoms:

A

Early on in infection: asymptomatic

Later on in infection: increase respiratory rate/ cough on exercise.

Heavy worm burden: **symptoms in resting dog. **

Fainting

Subcutaneous Hematomas

Parasite excretory/ secretory products interfere with blood clotting.

Can be confused with warfarin poisoining.

17
Q

How do we diagnose A. vasorum?

A

Diagnosis of Baermann on fecal sample. (separates larvae from fecal sample)

**L1 characteristic tail with small spine. **

PCR

Ag test

18
Q

What is the epidemiology of A. vasorum i.e what kind of climate do they like?

A

UK and Europe.

Remember molluscs are the IMH.

Associated with warm damp winters and increase in slugs.

19
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus:

Host?

IMH?

Site?

How do hosts become infected?

A

Cats

Molluscs

Lung Parenchyma, small bronchioles

Cats ingest molluscs containing infective L3.

20
Q

Aelurostrongylus abstrusus pathogenesis:

A

Not very pathogenic

Cause small granulomas lung

muscular hypertrophy/plasia

granulomas soon resolve themselves.

21
Q

A. abstrusus clinical signs:

Diagnoses:

A

mild, chronic moist cough

mild dsypnea

sneezing

Diagnose L1

22
Q

Oslerus Osleri:

Host?

IMH?

Site?

How do hosts become infected?

A

Dog, wild canid

NO IMH, direct life cycle

Nodules at tracheal bifurcation

Dogs ingest L1 probably from feces.

23
Q

Oslerus Osleri:

clinical signs:

A

Usually asymptomatic.

possibly a dry cough, remember nodules at tracheal bifurcation.

exercise intolerance

24
Q

Oslerus Osleri:

Diagnosis:

A

History of chronic dry cough/ exercise intolerance.

L1 in sputum or feces.

Brochoscopy- nodules and L1

L1 has distinctive S shaped tail

Parasitology (10 decks)

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