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Parasitology > G.I Nematodes of Pigs > Flashcards

G.I Nematodes of Pigs Flashcards

1
Q

What are the G.I nematodes found in the pig stomach?

A
  1. Hyostronglylus rubidus
  2. Trichostrongylus axei

**They both form “oster-like” disease. **

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2
Q

What are the G. I nematodes found in the pig small intestines?

A
  1. Ascaris Suum
  2. Trichinella spiralis
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3
Q

What are the G.I nematodes in the pig large intestines?

A
  1. Oesophagostomum
  2. Trichuris suis
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4
Q

Rule of thumb regarding parasitic problems in pig husbandry.

A

Will get increasing parasite problems moving from

  1. Highly intensive systems
  2. Highly extensive systems
  3. Outdoor systems
  4. Organic Systems.
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5
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus (red stomach worm)

What disease does it cause?

What pig rearing systems affected?

Lifecycle?

A

Causes chronic gastritis because its found in the stomach.

Occurs in OUTDOOR pigs only. (rare in the UK)

Lifecycle is typical trichostrongyloid:

  • Direct
  • PPP= 3 weeks
  • L4 can become hypobiotic.
  • L3 infective stage
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6
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus Pathology?

A

Pathology is similar to O. ostertagi and causes nodular formation on the stomach surface. Nodules are puncture wounds where larva erupt from gastric glands.

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7
Q

Hyostrongylus rubidus:

What age of pig mostly affected?

clinical signs?

Diagnose?

What pig rearing system is most affected by this parasite?

A

Causes clinical disease predominately in lactating sows

Clinical Signs:

  1. Inappetance
  2. Anemia
  3. Loss of condition
  4. Reduced fertility

Diagnoses: FEC

Disease of OUTDOOR PIGS-permanent pastures.

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8
Q

Ascaris Suum

Family?

Life cycle?

Infective Stage?

A

Large roundworm/ white spot.

Typical Ascarid (Ascaridoidea)

Direct lifecycle

L3 (INSIDE EGG) is infective.

Migratory (Hepatotracheal migration)

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9
Q

Describe the steps in the lifecycle of Ascaris Suum and its PPP?

What insect can be a paratenic host?

A
  1. Adults in the small intestine
  2. eggs in feces
  3. L1 in egg–> L3 in egg **(infective stage)

*** Earthworm can be a paratenic host. **

  1. L3 hatches from egg after ingestion.
  2. L3 travels to liver via portal circulation.
  3. L3 in Liver
  4. Travels in blood to lungs.
  5. Travels up bronchial tree and swallowed.
  6. L4 in S.I.
  7. Final moult in S.I to adult
  8. **PPP= 7-9 weeks. **
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10
Q

What can be said about Ascaris suum egg maturation?

A

Unlarvated egg in feces is not infective.

Requires minimum of 4 weeks of longer depending on the temperature to larvate to L3 in egg (infective stage)

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11
Q

What are the clinical signs associated with Ascaris Suum?

A

Over clinical signs are rarely seen.

Reduced productivity mostly

  • food conversion efficiency.
  • reduced weight gain
  • increased fattening time

Occasionally obstructive jaundice in pigs with heavy burdens

Occasionally transient pneumonia in young pigs **due to migrating larvae. **

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12
Q

What is milk spot liver and what parasite causes this?

A

Infected pig livers due to migration of infective L3.

Causes cloudy white spots up to 1 cm.

Fibrous repair of inflammatory reaction to migrating L3.

Caused by A. suum.

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13
Q

How can we diagnose Ascaris Suum?

A

Clinical signs and history

FEC

Incidence of liver condemnations (can be up to 25% of livers from infected herd)

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14
Q

What is the epidemiology of Ascaris Suum?

What type of pig systems are affected?

What age is mostly affected?

Immunity?

Seasonal Patterns?

A

Can complete it lifecycle OUTDOORS and INDOORS.

Female worms are very fecund (>200,000 eggs/ day)

Eggs are extremely resistant in the environment.

**Difficult/ impossible to eradicate from Indoor systems. **

Eggs can overwinter.

**Predominately a disease of young pigs. **

**A degree of age resistance occurs (strong immunity acquired) **

Seasonal Pattern:

Greates incidence of milk spot fever occurs in the summer, most likely due to the required temp needed for eggs to mature quickly is warmer weather –>

Eggs passed in feces require a minimum of 4 weeks to mature to become infective ( optimal temp 22-26 degrees C) wont develop below 15 degrees C.

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15
Q

What parasite is equivalent to Ascaris Suum but is a human parasite?

A

Ascaris lumbricoides

Each parasite can esstablish infection in each host but cross infection is inefficient. (uncommon)

Ascaris Suum is therefore Zoonotic but not efficiently.

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16
Q

Trichinella spiralis:

Describe the steps in its lifecycle

whats the infective stage?

A

ZOONOTIC

  1. L1 ingested in infected muscle tissue (predation, cannibalism, carrion, fresh feces ingested)
  2. L1 infects SI mucosal epithelium
  3. L1-L2-L3-L4-Adult in SI mucosal epithelium (occurs in 48 hours)
  4. Adults produce L1 larvae which penetrate the SI mucosa.
  5. L1 migrate via the lymph and blood to muscles.
  6. Encyst in the muscles (pathology)
  7. New host infected via predation, cannibalism, carrion (carcass carries larval cysts in muscles) ingestion of fresh feces
17
Q

Trichinella spiralis modes of infection.

A
  1. predation
  2. carrion ( larave long live in corpse)
  3. Cannibalism
  4. ingestion of fresh feces from infected animals.
18
Q

Trichinella Sylvatic Cycle:

A

Cycle in wild animals, predominately carnivores.

Eating wild game is a source of infection for humans.

19
Q

Trichinella Domestice cycle

How are humans infected through the domestic cycle?

What pig rearing system does Trichinella mostly infect?

A

This cycle is the main concern for humans.

Pig becomes infected via infected swill, tail biting, eating rats.

Then pig is killed and the pork is undercooked.

Man ingests the undercooked pork.

Pigs are generally asymptomatic.

**EXTENSIVE management systems. **

20
Q

Is Trichinella a common parasite in the UK or N. American?

A

Neither. Probaby couldn’t find it here or in N. America, but possibly would see it in imported pork.

21
Q

How can we diagnose Trichinella in pigs?

What are its predilection sites?

A

Examination of muscle for larvae

  1. Artificial Digestion- Pepsin/ HCl digests muscle away however cysts are resistant to digestive process.
  2. Trichinoscopy

Predilection sites:

Diaphragm, intercostal muscles, tongue, masseters

22
Q

What are the Clincal signs Trichinella causes in man?

A

Infections are usually light and asymptomatic (pigs are asymptomatic)

However, following heavy infections:

  1. intestinal infection can cause transient enteritis.
  2. 1-2 weeks later, L1’s in muscle can cause actue myositis, pyrexia, myocarditis, periorbital edema, ascites, eosinophilia.

Diagnose using muscle biopsy or ELISA

23
Q

Control measures for Trichinella?

A
  1. Meat inspection. Mandatory in EU.
  2. Prohbition of uncooked food wates to pigs (swill)
  3. control of rodent populations in piggeries.
  4. Proper carcase disposal
  5. consumer education
24
Q

Trichuris Suis whipworm:

Describe the life cycle and its PPP?

A
  1. Adults emerge in the L.I (colon/ cecum)
  2. Eggs in feces
  3. L1 develops inside the egg (also Ascaris suum- L3 infective stage though)
    - INFECTIVE STAGE
  4. Minimum of 1-2 months maturation before infective (can take up to 12 months)
  5. Ingestion of infective L1 in egg.
  6. L1 released from egg and penetrates large intestinal mucosa.
  7. L1-L2-L3-L4
  8. Adults emerge in L.I. Anterior of whipworm (head) embeds itself in the cecal/ colon mucosa and the posterior end produces eggs.
  9. **PPP= 6-12 weeks. **
25
Q

Trichuris Suis Epidemiology:

Areas?

Pig systems affected?

Egg resistance?

A

Common in UK but present in low numbers.

Mild/ moderate infections are asymptomatic.

Most common in OUTDOOR SYSTEMS & ORGANIC.

Eggs survive in envornment ofr several years..very resistant. 2-11 years. Steam/ flame, depopulate housing to try and remove resistant eggs.

26
Q

Clinical signs seen in Trichuris suis?

A

Seen in grower/ finishers.

reduced growth rate

Loose feces to overt scouring

Mucus in feces

27
Q

How can we diagnose Trichuris suis?

A

FEC

Eggs have distinctive capped ends. Bi polar plugs

Remember the PPP is 6-12 weeks so eggs only seen in feces of pigs older than 12 weeks. Therefore a negative FEC does not rule out diagnosis.

PM

28
Q

How can we treat a clincal outbreak of Trichuris suis?

A

Can be difficult to eradicate due to the exteremely resistant eggs.

In feed Tx with anthelmintics (BZ rather than IVM)

Washing and disinfection of environement.

May need to depopulate housing and use a flame gun to clean.

29
Q

What is the name of the human whipworm?

A

Trichuris trichuria.

30
Q

Oesophagostomum spp. “nodular worm”

Desribe the events in its lifecycle. and its PPP

A
  1. Eggs in feces.
  2. L1-L2-L3 ingested and enteres SI or LI mucosa. (tissue entry causes pathology)
  3. May induce nodules.
  4. L4 emerge from Mucosa. (L4 can arrest development in nodules)
  5. Adults in L.I
  6. **PPP= 18-21 days. **
31
Q

Esophagostomum epidemiology:

A

LIfe cycle can be completed indoors

Infection accumulates with age (highest prevalence in older pigs)

Higher burdens in sows than fatteners.

Increasing acquired immunity: increasing numbers reaming arrested in nodules.

**Periparturient rise in fecal egg output is important in sows–>
Piglets born into highly infected environment.
Can be prevented by 1 dose of anthelminthic 1 week before farrowing. **

L3’s over winter poorly in the UK and temperate regions but L4 can arrest in nodules.

32
Q

Oesphagostomum Pathology

what is the main pathogenic species?

A

Diffuse enteritis in colon and cecum.

Oesphagostomum quadrispinulatum produces distinct nodules **(This is the main pathogenic species vs. Oesophagostomum dendatum) **

Oesphagostomu dendatum has indistinct nodules (smaller)

33
Q

Oesophagostomum Clinical Signs:

A

Reduced productivity

Growing pigs will see reduced weight gain.

Sows will get poor milk yields. Contributes to “thin sow syndrome”

Diarrhea in very heavy infections. (10,000 plus worms)

Egg is similar to hyostrongylus.

**Found in INDOOR pig rearing systems. **

Parasitology (10 decks)

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