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Anatomy Exam 2 > Heart, Heart Valves & Cardiac Output > Flashcards

Heart, Heart Valves & Cardiac Output Flashcards

1
Q

Location of heart?

A
  • Located in the thoracic cavity in the mediastinum, between the lungs and deep to the sternum 
  • From its superior to inferior midpoints, it is tilted toward the left, so about 2/3 of the heart lies to the left of the median plane
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2
Q

Parietal Pericardium contains what layers?

A
  1. Fibrous layer: Superficial, dense irregular connective tissue
  2. Serous Layer: Deep, thin
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3
Q

Serous layer turns inward at base of heart and forms the?

A

Visceral Pericardium

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4
Q

Function of Pericardial Cavity?

A

Located between the parietal and visceral membranes, this space contains pericardial fluid, fluid lubricates the membranes and allows the heart to beat with minimal friction.
Also contains 5-30 ml of pericardial fluid exuded by the serous membrane

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5
Q

The visceral pericardium is the same as?

A

Epicardium, in that they both cover the surface of the heart.

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6
Q

Layers of the heart wall?

A
  1. Epicardium (outer): simple squamous epithelium
  2. Myocardium (middle): composed of muscle, by far the thickest layer
  3. Endocardium (inner): made of simple squamous epithelium, contains no adipose tissue
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7
Q

What is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transport:

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8
Q

What are the parts of the cardiovascular system?

A
  1. Mechanical Pump
  2. Blood Vessels
  3. Blood
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9
Q

The Cardiovascular system transports by means of?

A
  1. CO2 and O2 (respiratory gases)
  2. Nutrients
  3. Hormones
  4. Temperature (Thermoregulation)
    * If you can move oxygen, everything else is easy to transport
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10
Q

To pump blood effectively, the heart needs valves that ensure a predominantly?

A

one way flow

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11
Q

Each valve consists of two or three fibrous flaps of tissue called _______ and _____, and are covered with _______?

A

cusps
leaflets
endothelium

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12
Q

What are chordae tendineae?

A

String-like tendinous cords, that connect the valve cusps to conical papillary muscles on the floor of ventricle.

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13
Q

Function of the AV valves?

A

To regulate the openings between the atria and ventricles

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14
Q

What are the AV vales called?

A

Tricuspid (right valve)

Bicuspid (left valve)

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15
Q

Describe the Tricuspid valve?

A

The right AV valve, has 3 cusps

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16
Q

Describe the Bicuspid valve?

A

The left AV valve, has 2 cusps (also known as Mitral valve)

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17
Q

What do chordae tendineae prevent?

A

They prevent the AV valves from flipping inside out or bulging into the atria when the ventricles contract.

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18
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonary and Aortic Semilunar valves

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19
Q

Function of the semilunar valves?

A

To regulate the flow of blood from the ventricles into the great arteries.
*Each contain 3 cusps shaped like shirt pockets, and have no tendinous cords.

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20
Q

What does the pulmonary valve control?

A

It controls the opening from the right ventricle into the pulmonary trunk

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21
Q

What does the aortic valve control?

A

It controls the opening from the left ventricle into the aorta.

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22
Q

Blood flow through Tricuspid and Bicuspid while the valves are open are? And closed?

A

Atrial to Ventricular

Ventricular to Atrial

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23
Q

Blood flow through Pulmonary and Aortic valves while open? And closed?

A

Ventricular to Artery

Artery to Ventricular

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24
Q

What is valvular insufficiency (incompetence)?

A

Any failure of a valve to prevent reflux (regurgitation) - the backward flow of blood

25
Q

What is valvular stenosis?

A

When the cusps are stiffened and the opening is constricted by scar tissue
Frequently results from rheumatic fever (autoimmune disease)

26
Q

Describe heart murmur?

A

Regurgitation of blood through the incompetent valves creates turbulence that can be heard with the assistance of a stethoscope

27
Q

Describe mitral valve prolapse?

A

Is when one or both mitral valve cusps bulge into the atrium during ventricular contraction
Often hereditary and effects about 1 out of 40 people, especially young women

28
Q

Formula for Cardiac Output?

A

CO= HR x SV

29
Q

Formula for Stroke Volume?

A

SV= EDV - ESV

30
Q

Formula for Blood Pressure?

A

BP= CO (flow) x Resistance

31
Q

Describe CO (cardiac output)?

A

CO = HR x SV
Volume/time (mL/min or L/min)
Average CO = 5L/min (70 b/m x 70 mL/m) - average resting pump
Maximum output can be 40L/min for trained athlete

32
Q

What is cardiac reserve?

A

The difference between the maximum and resting cardiac output
If HR rises, then SV lowers to compensate

33
Q

Describe HR (heart rate)?

A

HR = beats/min
Average HR = 70 beats/min
Endurance athletes commonly have resting HR as low as 40-60 bpm

34
Q

Mechanisms that change HR?

A

Nerve or hormonal change

35
Q

Describe SV (stroke volume)?

A

SV = EDV - ESV
SV = mL/beat
Average SV = 70 mL/beat (EDV 120mL - ESV 50mL)

36
Q

A sustained program of exercise increases CO by _________ ________?

A

Increasing SV

37
Q

What is EDV (end-diastolic volume)?

A

The amount ejected, the volume in you ventricle at the end of diastole.
Average EDV = 120 mL

38
Q

What is ESV (end-systolic volume)?

A

The blood remaining behind, how much blood is left over after systole
Average ESV = 50 mL

39
Q

What is preload?

A

Tension in the ventricular myocardium immediately before contracting
Also known as venous filling, both mean filling

40
Q

What is afterload?

A

The blood pressure in the arteries just outside the semilunar valves
Increased afterload reduces SV

41
Q

What does hypertension do in terms of afterload?

A

Hypertension increase afterload and opposes ventricular ejection

42
Q

Describe Frank-Starling Law?

A

SV is proportional to the EDV
Ventricles tend to eject as much blood as they receive
Within limits, the more they are stretched, the harder they contract when stimulated

43
Q

What is contractility?

A

How hard myocardium contracts for a given preload

44
Q

Describe the pulmonary circuit?

A

Flows through pulmonary valve into pulmonary trunk
Distributed by right and left pulmonary arteries to the lung, unload CO2, and load O2
Returns from lungs via pulmonary veins to left atrium

45
Q

Describe the systemic circuit?

A

Blood flow through aortic valve into ascending aorta
Unload O2 and loads CO2
Blood returns to the heart via vena cava

46
Q

Label the pathway of the pulmonary circuit?

A
  1. Right ventricle
  2. Pulmonary semilunar valve
  3. Pulmonary trunk
  4. Pulmonary artery (right and left)
  5. Lung (capillary exchange)
  6. Pulmonary vein
  7. Left atrium
47
Q

Pulmonary circuit: What carries oxygenated blood? Deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein

Pulmonary artery

48
Q

Systemic circuit: What carries oxygenated blood? Deoxygenated?

A

Aorta

Vena Cava

49
Q

Why does the heart have 2 pumps with 4 chambers?

A

2 pumps are located in one spot, developmentally, not mechanically
Human has higher metabolism rate
Functionality 2 pumps are different, one for pulmonary circuit, one for systemic circuit

50
Q

Why is the left ventricle thicker?

A

Left ventricle is thicker although both ventricles have same volume
Pulmonary trunk has BP 20/5 and Brachial artery had BP of 120/80
Left ventricle pumps with 5 times more pressure to get through higher resistance

51
Q

What are the 3 veins going into the right atrium?

A

Superior vena cava
Inferior vena cava
Coronary sinus

52
Q

Ventricular filling mechanism?

A

80% passive filling during ventricular relaxation (diastole)

20% active filling during atrial contraction

53
Q

What is ventricular hypertrophy?

A

The enlargement of ventricles (lower chambers)

Left ventricular hypertrophy is more common

54
Q

Mercury barometer?

A

A scientific instrument used to measure atmospheric pressure (760 mmHg)

55
Q

Mercury Manometer?

A

The instrument fluid is mercury, used to record or control difference of pressure or fluid flow

56
Q

BP of ventricle?

A

BP drop down to zero

57
Q

BP of artery?

A

BP does not drop to zero because of elastic fiber characteristic

58
Q

Test

A

Test

Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks)

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