Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy Exam 2 > Blood and Blood Pressure > Flashcards

Blood and Blood Pressure Flashcards

1
Q

What is blood?

A

It is a liquid connective tissue with two main components: Plasma (non-cellular matrix) and Formed elements (cell)
*Most adults have 4-6 L of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Describe blood plasma (matrix)?

A

Is a clear, light yellow fluid constituting a little over half of the blood volume (55%)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the formed elements found in blood plasma?

A

Include:
Red blood cells
White blood cells
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe red blood cells?

erythrocytes

A

Constitute 37% to 52% of the total volume (value called the hematocrit)
Function: transports O2 and CO2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

White blood (leukocytes) cells and platelets?

A

settle into he buffy coat above the red blood cells, constitute about 1% of blood volume.
WBC function: Defense and immunity
Platelet function: Clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Plasma is mostly made of?

A

Water: 92% by weight, solvent for carrying other substances, absorbs heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Name the 3 plasma proteins?

A
  1. Albumin (60%)
  2. Globulins (36%)
  3. Fibrinogen (4%)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Albumin?

A

60%

Function is to maintain osmotic balance and ph buffering

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Globulins?

A

36%

Roles in transport, clotting and immunity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Fibrinogen?

A

4%

Role in blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Other substances found in plasma include?

A

Nutrients (glucose, fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins)
Waste products of metabolism (urea, uric acid)
Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2)
Hormones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Functions of RBC?

A

Pick up O2 from lungs and deliver it to tissues elsewhere

Pick up CO2 from tissues and unload it in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe the abundancy of RBC?

A

The most abundant formed elements of blood
The most critical to survival. It is the deficiency of life-giving oxygen, carried by erythrocytes, that leads rapidly to death in cases of major trauma or hemorrhage.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Hematocrit?

A

(packed cell volume) is the percentage of whole blood volume composed of RBC’s?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is erythropoiesis?

A

the production of erythrocytes
Renal Erythropoietin: is a hormone produced by the kidneys that promotes the formation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe erythrocyte homeostasis?

A

Hypoxemia (inadequate O2 transport) > sensed by liver and kidneys > secretion of erythropoietin > stimulation of red bone marrow > accelerated erythropoiesis > increased RBC count > increased O2 transport

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is polycythemia?

A

A disease state in which the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells increases
Increase hematocrit > increase viscosity > increase resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a blood thinner?

A

A common name for an anticoagulant agent used to prevent the formation of blood clots
They do not thin the blood (reduce viscosity), they prevent it from clotting.
Examples: heparin, warfarin

19
Q

What are Leukocytes?

A

The least abundant formed elements
Afford protection against infectious microorganisms and other pathogens
They spend only a few hours in the blood stream, then migrate through the walls of capillaries and venules and spend the rest of their lives in the connective tissue

20
Q

What are the 5 types of leukocytes?

A 
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
21
Q

Describe Neutrophils?

A

found in about 60% of wbc’s
multi-lobed nucleus
granulocytes: contains granules
phagocytize bacteria (acute infections)

22
Q

Describe Eosinophils?

A

found in about 2-3% of wbc’s
bi-lobed nucleus
granulocyte
fights off parasites, ie worms (weakly phagocytic)

23
Q

Describe Basophils?

A

found in lass than 1% of wbc’s
bi-lobed nucleus, u-shaped, large nucleus
granulocyte (blue/black)
not very common, goes to infection site
secretes histamine (a vasodilator) inflammatory response
secretes heparin (an anticoagulant) promotes mobility of other wbc’s.

24
Q

Describe Lymphocytes?

A

found in about 30% of wbc’s
small in size, large nucleus (takes up volume of cell)
agranulocyte (no granules)
mount immune response by direct cell attack via antibodies
destroys cancer cells, infected with viruses and foreign cells

25
Q

Describe Monocytes?

A

found in 5-8% of wbc’s
biggest of wbc’s, bean shaped nucleus
agranulocyte (no granules)
differentiate into macrophages (large phagocytic cells of the tissues)
Phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells

26
Q

Formula for BP?

A

BP = Flow (CO) x Resistance

27
Q

Formula for flow?

A

F = Pressure / Resistance

28
Q

What is flow?

A

The amount of blood flowing through an organ, tissue or blood vessel in a given time (mL/min)
In a resting individual, total flow is quite constant, and is equal to cardiac output

29
Q

What id blood pressure?

A

The force that the blood exerts against a vessel wall
For routine clinical purposes, the measurement of greatest interest is the systemic arterial BP
Customarily measure it with a sphygmomanometer connected to an inflatable cuff
The brachial artery passing through this region is sufficiently close to the heart that the BP recorded here reflects the maximum arterial BP found anywhere in the body

30
Q

Systolic?

A

The peak arterial BP attained during ventricular contraction

31
Q

Diastolic?

A

The minimum arterial BP occurring during the ventricular relaxation between heartbeats

32
Q

Pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

Pulse pressure of 120/75 = 120 - 75 = 45 mmHg

33
Q

What is MAP?

A

Another measure of stress on the blood vessels

Best estimate of MAP = Diastolic pressure + 1/3 of the pulse pressure (75 + 45/3 = 90 mmHg)

34
Q

Hypertension?

A

Chronic resting blood pressure higher than 140/90

Causes aneurysms, and it promotes the development of atherosclerosis

35
Q

Hypotension?

A

Chronis low resting BP

May be a consequence of blood loss, dehydration, anemia, or other factors

36
Q

BP is affected by what 3 variables?

A

Cardiac Output (CO)
Blood Volume
Resistance to flow

37
Q

BP: Cardiac output?

A

Increased CO = increased BP

38
Q

BP: Blood volume?

A

Kidneys have a greater influence than any other organ on BP

39
Q

BP: Resistance to flow?

A

Results from the friction of the blood against the walls of the vessels

40
Q

What are the 3 variables of resistance?

A

Blood Viscosity
Vessel Length
Vessel Diameter

41
Q

Resistance: Blood viscosity?

A

The most significant factors are the RBC count and albumin concentration.
Anemia = decrease viscosity, increase blood flow
Dehydration = increase viscosity, decrease blood flow

42
Q

Resistance: Vessel length?

A

Pressure and flow decline with distance

43
Q

Resistance: Vessel diameter?

A

Most strong effect on resistance
When vessel radius is large, the average velocity of flow is high
When vessel radius is less, the average velocity is lower because a larger portion of blood is slowed down by friction against the vessel wall

Anatomy Exam 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions