Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

NUR3310 > Heart Failure Revision > Flashcards

Heart Failure Revision Flashcards

1
Q

Define the cardiac output equation

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate
(CO = SV x HR)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is systolic

A

Maximum pressure the heart exerts while beating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is diastolic

A

pressure in the arteries between beats

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

define heart failure in simple terms

A

Abnormal ventricular function causing the heart to not be able to pump sufficient blood to meet metabolic demand, characterised by inadequate tissue perfusion and volume overload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are symptoms of heart failure

A

fatigue, SOB, exercise intolerance, venous distention (bulging neck veins), peripheral and pulmonary oedema (excess retained fluid in limbs/lungs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Outline cardiac conditions that can disrupt myocyte activity

A

Myocardial infarction, Myocarditis, Dilated Cardiomyopathy, Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy, Restrictive Cardiomyopathy, Recurrent myocardial ischaemia, Ventricular remodelling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

define myocyte activity

A

heart contractility

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is a Myocardial infarction

A

aka heart attack, lack of sufficient blood flow to the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is myocarditis

A

inflammation of the heart muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

heart muscle disease that causes ventricles to thin and stretch, growing larger

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

heart muscle disease that causes muscle thickening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

muscles of your heart’s ventricles stiffen and can’t fill with blood. The heart can fill and squeeze more poorly

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is recurrent myocardial ischaemia

A

repeat episodes of blood flow reduced blood flow to the heart, preventing the heart muscle from receiving enough oxygen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is ventricular remodelling

A

(increased myocardial workload), changes in the size, shape, structure and function of the heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the consequence of decreased cardiac contractility

A

a decline in stroke volume, and an increase in end-diastolic volume, causing heart chamber enlarging and increasing the heart’s workload

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does HFrEF stand for

A

Left Heart Failure- Reduced Ejection Fraction (Systolic)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Define HFrEF

A

Myocardium weakening results in a failure to pump enough blood to meet demand, resulting in bodily fluid building up in blood vessels and leaking into the interstitial spaces of the body and lungs, causing oedma and SOB

18
Q

what is HFrEF characterised by

A

decreased contractility, ventricular remodeling, increased preload (increasing the size of the heart muscles) and increased after-load (resistance to ventricular emptying), this results in increased demand for oxygen which leads to increased hypertrophy

19
Q

What are potential causes of HFrEF

A

Familial history, obesity, cigarettes, age, diabetes, toxins

20
Q

What are symptoms of HFrEF

A

Dyspnoea (increased WOB), orthopnea (breathlessness while prone), fatigue, decreased urine output, oedema, elevated jugular venous pressure, cough with frothy sputum, pulmonary oedema (crepes on auscultation), HTN & Hypotension

21
Q

What does HFpEF stand for

A

Left Heart Failure- Preserved Ejection Fraction (diastolic)

22
Q

Define HFpEF

A

Can be an individual diagnosis or in conjunction with systolic heart failure (HFrEF), occurs when there is impaired filling of the left ventricle during the diastolic phase

23
Q

What is HFpEF characterised by

A

Characterised by a low cardiac output from a ventricle that has thickened walls and therefore is less compliant (able to relax and fill with blood). Impaired diastolic relaxation and decreased compliance of the left ventricle results in end-diastole pressure that impacts pulmonary circulation

24
Q

What are potential causes of HFpEF

A

HTN-induced myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial ischaemia w/ ventricular remodeling, familial history, age, diabetes, obesity

25
Q

What are potential causes of HFpEF

A

HTN-induced myocardial hypertrophy, myocardial ischaemia w/ ventricular remodelling, familial history, age, diabetes, obesity

26
Q

What are complications of HFpEF

A

angina/acute coronary syndrome (chest pain due to reduced blood to the heart), arrhythmias, kidney damage/renal impairment, oedema, dyspnoea

27
Q

What are symptoms of HFpEF

A

Dyspnoea, fatigue, oedma, pulmonary oedema, nausea

28
Q

Define Right-sided heart failure

A

Failure of the right ventricle to effectively fill and pump blood, leading to periphery fluid build-up

29
Q

What is right-sided heart failure characterised by

A

Impaired contractility of the right ventricle (RV) causes by increased pressure, volume overload, intrinsic myocardial contractile dysfunction and/or cardiac rhythm

30
Q

What are the physiological differences between the Left Ventricle and Right Ventricle

A

RV greater sensitivity to afterload (amount of pressure the heart needs to eject blood during a contraction) changes leading to increased risk of dilation to preserve stroke volume
Pressure in pulmonary circulation is lower than the systolic circulation, RV requires less muscle power than LV
RV is more compliant to accommodate larger variation in venous return without altering end-diastolic pressure

31
Q

What are risk factors for Right-sided HF

A

Age, gender (Male), congenital heart defects, arrhythmias, Left-sided heart failure, left-to-right shunt (a “back-leak” of blood from the systemic to the pulmonary circulation), respiratory dysfunction, pericardial constriction, previous myocardial infarction, race (african-american men), infection

32
Q

What are the causes of Right-sided HF

A

Left-sided heart failure (increased left ventricular filling pressure->increased pulmonary circulation->increase in resistance to right ventricular emptying->right ventricle dilates and fails
COPD, cystic fibrosis, cor pulmonale, ARDS, drug use, coronary artery disease, diabetes, alcohol, HTN, obesity. Pulmonary oedema/embolism/HTN

33
Q

What are the complications of Right-sided HF

A

Liver failure, arrhythmia, impaired kidney function, heart valve issues, acute coronary syndromes. Angina

34
Q

What are symptoms of Right-sided HF

A

Peripheral oedema, hepatosplenomegaly (enlarged liver and spleen), fatigue, increased urge to urinate, lack of appetite, nausea, weight gain

35
Q

What is the primary goal for heart failure treatment

A

maximise cardiac output, decrease intravascular volume, decrease preload (blood volume that stretches the cardiac muscle prior to contraction), decrease afterload, improved gas exchange/oxygenation, improved cardiac function

36
Q

Outline management of HFrEF

A

Aims to reverse the cycle of decreasing contractility & increasing preload+afterload, by increasing contractility and decreasing afterload+preload
Acute cause of HFrEF commonly due to acute myocardial ischemia (partial blockage of arteries to the heart)-> treated via nitrates (for vasodilation) , morphine (angina) & oxygen therapy to improve myocardial oxygenation

37
Q

Outline management of HFpEF

A

Improving ventricular relaxation and prolonging diastolic filling times to reduce diastolic pressure

38
Q

Outline management of Right-sided heart failure

A

Improving cardiac function, managing symptoms and reducing fluid acclimation

39
Q

Outline management of HF related Oedema

A

Strict FBC, fluid restriction, daily weight, dietary restriction (i.e low sodium)
Diuretics: Thiazides (Hydrochlorothiazide), Loop diuretic (Frusemide), Potassium sparing (Spironolactone)

40
Q

Outline the aim for pharmacological treatment of Heart failure

A

Aim to reduce fluid retention and intravascular volume, open narrowed blood vessels and improve blood flow, reduce blood pressure and heart rhythm, increase peripheral blood flow, prevent blood clots, lower cholesterol, maintain electrolytes

41
Q

What common drugs are used for heart failure treatment

A

Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors: enalopril, captopril
Angiotensin II receptor blockers: irbesartan
Vasodilator drugs: GTN
Beta Blockers: bisoprolol, carvedolol, metoprolol
Diuretic: furosemide

42
Q

What surgical procedures can be used to treat heart failure

A

Ventricular assist device (VAD) surgery: implant to help the heart to pump
Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP): augment arctic output
Heart transplant surgery

NUR3310 (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions